HBC Dollarama Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HBC Dollarama - Article Example Through product inspiration from other high-end stores, the owners of the chain store were never short of ideas. They would then develop new and better items that would be sold for a dollar, or less. Its main product manufacturers were Asian and Chinese who acted as the corporation’s direct sources. Direct sourcing, according to the owners, cut on costs that were incurred by importers (Perold 2). Another problem the chain store faced was the administrative expenses that were incurred per annum. The amount of capital used on labour costs was also variable to sales in most of the chain stores. Commodity prices affected the cost of production of most of the store’s items. Preserving margins was becoming an uphill task with the rise in prices. A rise in input costs also presents a challenge to the one-dollar chain store (Perold 3). The solution the owners of the store went for was to adjust some quantities for there to be a counteraction of inflation. So long as the consumer still got value for their money, there was the need to adapt to save the financial situation they were in during that period. As the input costs were on the rise, it was crucial for the chain store to source the item somewhere else, which was less expensive. The other alternative was to restructure an existing item in the store, and sell it at the same price (Perold 4). The only difference this might have is that; it might get to attract someone. In conclusion, the owners admit that it is not an easy task running a store that offers items at less than two dollars. This fixed price point has its limits, but they do manage to get customers, and boost their sales. They did see a rise in sales, and this is promising to them as they hope to open at least, 30 or 40 more stores per year (Perold 4). It may be a dream, but it is possible for the

Causes of the 2008 Sovereign Debt Crisis in Europe

Causes of the 2008 Sovereign Debt Crisis in Europe â€Å"Discuss the causes of the sovereign debt crisis in Europe since 2008 and critically analyse the proposed responses. It is important that you inform your arguments using academic literature.† Introduction The European sovereign debt crisis came to prominence in late 2009, when newly elected Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou announced that previous governments had been distorting the country’s deficit data (Nelson et al., 2012). A revision of the budget deficit forecast was revealed as 12.7% of GDP – a valuation that was almost double the previous figure of 6.0% (Gibson et al. 2012). The reaction to this was a fall in investor confidence, which caused sovereign bond yields to rise to an all-time high (see Appendix 1). This impacted not only Greece, but also other heavily indebted countries within the Eurozone – identified as peripheral nations (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain). There is growing concern within the Eurozone that these periphery nations could ultimately default on their sovereign debt. European banks currently hold a large portion of the regions government bonds (see Appendix 2); if one nation was to default on its sovereign debt payments it would cause financial pressure throughout the Eurozone (Constà ¢ncio 2012). This is a known as financial contagion, a term described by Dornbusch (2000) as the spread of market shocks from one country to another. The fear of contagion has forced the European Central Bank (ECB) to bailout a number of the periphery nations; however, this is not viewed as a sustainable practice. The aim of this essay is to identify the causes of the sovereign debt crisis and analyse the proposed responses by the European Union (EU). Causes A complex phenomenon, such as the sovereign debt crisis, is built up of a variety of elements. Most analysts believe that the crisis was caused by structural weaknesses present both at the European and national levels, along with factors specific to (Dombret 2013). The structure of the Eurozone is a key factor contributing to the current crisis. A structural deficit exists within the Eurozone with the fact that there is a single monetary policy and decentralised fiscal policy. This creates an imbalance as the monetary policy is controlled by the ECB, whereas individual member states are trusted to set their own revenues and expenditures (Lapavitsas et al. 2010). Given this imbalance, it has led to ‘fiscal free-riding’ by the peripheral economies. These nations have had an increased incentive to borrow as the cost of debt is spread across the entire currency area. The Stability and Growth Pact was created to regulate fiscal expenditure, with one of its tenants being that annual government expenditure should not exceed 3% of GDP (see Appendix 3); however, due to a lack of automatic sanctions, these rules have been universally broken, thus setting the pathway to the current crisis (Anand et al. 2012). The mispricing of sovereign risk and subsequent misuse of capital is also a significant factor that has led to the sovereign debt crisis. As the periphery prepared to join the Euro, their sovereign bond yields began converging with those of the core nations (see Appendix 4). This allowed the periphery access to substantial amounts of low-cost credit, which traditionally, they had not experienced before. Voltz (2012) suggests that the sovereign risk of the periphery was mispriced by the capital markets, which has led to an â€Å"unsustainable accumulation of private and public debt†. In Greece, the inflow of capital financed excessive government spending, whilst in Ireland and Spain it led to creation of banking and real-estate bubbles. When capital markets tightened during the financial crisis of 2008, the unsustainability of these debts became apparent as the periphery struggled to finance its existing sovereign debt. Moreover, the governments were forced to assume private se ctor debt as national banks declined and speculative bubbles burst necessitating large bailout packages (Nelson et al. 2012). The Eurozone created an illusionary sense of prosperity. Lin (2012) explains that the sense of prosperity was illusionary as there was a progressive loss of competiveness of the periphery in relation to the core. This loss of competitiveness was partly a result of sharp wage rises in the non-core countries, leading to large current account deficits (Lapavitsas 2012). These deficits were funded by sovereign debt, with most of the debt being held by the core’s banks – a key factor in increasing contagion risk. Historically, nations running a current account deficit would devalue their currency in order to improve their position (Simkovic 2011); however, due to the monetary policy inflexibility within the Eurozone this is not possible. A culmination of the factors mentioned above has resulted in a huge fall in investor confidence, marked by a decrease in available credit (see Appendix 5). Due to the high levels of high risk sovereign debt, Standard Poor has downgraded the credit ratings of a number of Eurozone nations. To regain global confidence, the EU must provide a strategy that will tackle the underlying issues present within the Eurozone. Responses The immediate response from the EU has been to create financial firewalls. These have been in the form of rescue mechanisms, such as the EFSF (2010-2013) ESM (2012+), which have the ability to buy sovereign debt, recapitalise banks and provide bailout packages to the Eurozone nations (Thesing 2011). However, this is a short term solution to a long term problem. Regling (2012), CEO of EFSF, has stated that the mechanisms should only be used to â€Å"buy time† while the root causes are eliminated. This calls for responses aimed at reducing government debts and deficits, as well as structural reforms at European and national levels. A favoured approach by national governments to contain their finances has been an implementation of fiscal consolidation. AÄÅ ¸ca (2013) defines fiscal consolidation as policies that â€Å"cut budget deficits and reduce public debt levels†. The ECB and IMF have been aiding nations with the design, implementation and supervision of these policy reforms. Fiscal consolidation has, so far, proven to be a success, with Ireland’s sovereign bond yields falling from 11.8% to 3.5%. Undoubtedly, this route of austerity carries negative implications. As well as the social costs involved, fiscal consolidation is known to stagnate economic growth (Anand 2012). To regain investor confidence, the fiscal policies need to be coupled with national structural reforms aimed at increasing competitiveness (Dombret 2013). Ireland and Spain have both reduced their current account deficits through the use of these reforms (see Appendix 6), highlighting that the periphery must embrace this strategy. As we have discussed, the lack of fiscal control and regulation was a major factor in the birth of the sovereign debt crisis. To rectify this problem there has been major responses a European level. A new reform of the Stability Growth Pact, known as the fiscal compact, was created in 2011 with the aim of providing â€Å"enhanced coordination in fiscal and economic policy† within the Eurozone (Regling 2012). This reform ensures member states adhere to the 3% deficit and 60% debt-to-gdp rules of the Maastricht Treaty, through the creation of an automatic sanction procedure. A yearly review of Member States’ budgetary and structural policies, known as the European Semester, has also been put into effect (Bowler 2013). These structural reforms will help put government finances on track. However, it does not address the underlying issue that member states are trusted to set their own fiscal budgets. To address this issue, analysts have called for the creation of a European fiscal union. Weidmann (2012) believes that a fiscal union provides the â€Å"cornerstone of framework for the monetary union†. To achieve this, it would require deeper political integration within the Eurozone; this would necessitate legislative changes at both the European and national level. Accomplishing the required level of political integration, with the 18 member-states, would be a near-impossible task due to the conflicting agendas and ideals (Feust 2012). Hence, if they structural deficits within the Eurozone are to be fixed, these nations will need to work collectively. A current topic of debate has been to do with the potential introduction of so called â€Å"Eurobonds†, where bonds are issued on a European front and finances distributed accordingly. While the introduction of these bonds would send a statement of commitment to the Euro (Nelson et al. 2012), the incentive to increase debt would rise as the liability would be spread across the member-nations. This would result in a case of the core, again, paying for the actions of the periphery. Conclusion Nevertheless, the European sovereign debt crisis remains a growing problem for the global economy. I feel the elemental decision that needs to be made is whether the euro should be brought closer together, or whether it would be best for the future of the Eurozone to sever ties with the periphery. Although fracturing the euro is a radical response, it may be the only way to curb the threat financial contagion poses. Regardless of the decision made, the European sovereign debt crisis has exposed dangers of fiscal recklessness, and should serve as a lesson to future economists, governments and monetary unions (Sandoval et al. 2011). Reference List AÄÅ ¸ca, S. Deniz, I. (2013),Fiscal Consolidation and the Cost of Credit: Evidence from Syndicated Loans . IMF Working Paper[Online]. Available at:http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp1336.pdf(Accessed: 2th February 2014). Anand, M. R., Gupta, G. L., Dash, R. (2012),The euro zone crisis Its dimensions and implications. Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Minsitry of Finance, India.[Online]. Available at:http://mof.gov.in/WorkingPaper/euro_zone_crisis.pdf(Accessed: 10th February 2014). Constà ¢ncio, V. (2012), â€Å"Contagion and the European debt crisis†,Financial Stability Review,(No. 16), pp. 110. Dornbusch, R., Park, Y. C. Claessens, S. (2000), â€Å"Contagion: Understanding How It Spreads†,World Bank Res Obs,Vol. 15(No. 2), pp. 177-197. Dombret, A. (2011),Europes sovereign debt crisis causes and possible solutions,Available at:http://www.bis.org/review/r120111b.pdf(Accessed: 4th February 2014). Dombret, A. (2013),The European Sovereign Debt Crisis – Past, Present and Future,Available at:http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Reden/2013/2013_08_26_dombret.html(Accessed: 7th February 2014). Fuest, C. Peichl, A. (2012),European Fiscal Union: What Is It? Does It Work? And Are There Really ‘No Alternatives’?. IZA Policy Paper No. 39[Online]. Available at:http://ftp.iza.org/pp39.pdf(Accessed: 3rd February 2014). Gibson, H. D., Hall, S.G. Tavlas, G. S. (2011),The Greek financial crisis: growing imbalances and sovereign spreads. Working Papers 124[Online]. Available at:http://www.bankofgreece.gr/BogEkdoseis/Paper2011124.pdf(Accessed: 1st February 2014). Lapavitsas, C., Kaltenbrunner, A., Lindo, D., Michell, J., Painceira, J. P., Pires, E., Powell, J., Stenfors, A. Teles, N. (2010), â€Å"Eurozone crisis: beggar thyself and thy neighbour†,Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies,Volume 12(Issue 4), pp. 312-373 [Online]. Available at:http://researchonmoneyandfinance.org/media/reports/eurocrisis/fullreport.pdf(Accessed: 8th February 2014). Lin, J. Y. Treichel, V. (2012),The Crisis in the Eurozone,Available at:http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=2303(Accessed: 6th February 2014). Lapavitsas, C. (2012),Crisis in the Eurozone, New York: Verso Books. Nelson, R. M., Belkin, P., Mix, D. E. Weiss, M. A. (2012),The Eurozone Crisis: Overview and Issues for Congress. US Congressional Research Service Reports[Online]. Available at:http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42377.pdf(Accessed: 8th February 2014). Regling, K. (2012),Europe’s Response to the European Sovereign Debt Crisis. Anders Chydenius Free Trade Seminar[Online]. Available at:http://www.efsf.europa.eu/attachments/20120608_speech regling_anders_chydenius_seminar_kokkola_en.pdf(Accessed: 2nd February 2014). Sandoval, L., Beltran, E., Ulziikhutag, S. Zorigt, T. (2011),The European Sovereign Debt Crisis: Responses to the Financial Crisis. New Voices In Public Policy Vol. 5[Online]. Available at:www.journals.gmu.edu/index.php/newvoices/article/download/4/4(Accessed: 4th February 2014). Somkovic, M. (2011),Bankruptcy Immunities, Transparency, and Capital Structure,Available at:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGILD/Resources/Jan11-FC-Simkovic.pdf(Accessed: 6th February 2014). Thesing, G. (2011),European Rescue Fund May Buy Bonds, Recapitalize Banks, ECBs Stark Says,Available at:http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-22/ecb-s-stark-says-rescue-fund-may-buy-bonds-recapitalize-banks.html(Accessed: 9th February 2014). Voltz, U. (2012),Lessons of the European Crisis for Regional Monetary and Financial Integration in East Asia. ADBI Working Paper Series[Online]. Available at:http://www.adbi.org/files/2012.02.21.wp347.lessons.european.crisis.east.asia.pdf(Accessed: 3rd February 2014). Weidmann, J. (2012),Everything flows? The future role of monetary policy,Available at:http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Reden/2012/2012_06_14_weidmann_everything_flows_the_future_role_of_monetary_policy.html(Accessed: 4th February 2014).

Standardized Testing Essay -- Standardized Testing Essays

Standardized Testing Scholar Bill Ayers believes standardized testing in schools does not accurately measure what is necessary to be successful in life. Ayers insists that Standardized tests such as the American College Test (ACT) and the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) measure specific facts and function which are among the least interesting and slightest important information that children should know. In an article titled â€Å"Testing the Right Way for Talent†, written by Hugh Price, argues the fact that standardized tests fail to capture the qualities that are necessary to be successful in the business world. Another article labeled â€Å"Implementing NCLB Assessment and Accountability Requirements in an Imperfect World† composed by Stuart Kahl, is in agreement with both Price and Ayers. According to Bill Ayers, Hugh Price and Stuart Kahl, standardized tests are uncalled excuse for a traumatic and stressful time in a child’s life. Hugh Price and Stuart Kahl are among the large majority of people who do not believe one test is able to accurately measure what a child knows. Price states, â€Å"High-stakes standardized tests, like the Scholastic Aptitude Test, the SAT, fail to capture the qualities most essential for success in the corporate world, such as creativity, drive and leadership† (Price). Price claims that although these tests are able to rate children in topics such as Math, English and History, what really makes one who they are is more than book smarts, but their personality and leadership skills are also necessary. In addition to Price believing this fact, Kahl also articulates against standardized testing. In his article that analyzes The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Kahl is aware of the fact that ... ...ort and a motivation behind the tests may as well perform better than those who are not. Whatever the reason may be, many people, including Price, Kahl, and Ayers do not support standardized testing. These authors all have one opinion in common; they are all against testing for the sake of the children, because of the pressures kids already endure without the pressures of testing. They all claim that tests may be an unfair way to rank children in the world today due to: teachers not teaching children the right material in preparation for the test, family upbringing, and even worrying the children would affect the test results. As Ayers indicates, one single test could not determine where a child stands in the business world, due to the fact that the test analyzes specific topics on school and nothing about their personality or more personal traits.

Community Health Promotion Tool Essay

Kimberly Thomas: Good Evening, I am Kimberly Thomas. I’m interviewing Hypertension what is a disorder that affects cardiovascular system. Let’s talk about the population and treatment for hypertension. There are a lot of medications for hypertension. What is hypertension? Where do you start for treatment? Hypertension: Hypertension is high blood pressure. Well, there are several medication treatments for hypertension. Most doctor start patients with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), which is a diuretic. Diuretics are basically known as a water pill, which helps remove excess sodium and water from the body. Second most common medicine for hypertension is beta blockers. Beta blockers help the heart to beat a slower pace with less force. Again, there are several other medication treatments for hypertension, and your primary care physicians will discuss what options are best for you. Kimberly Thomas: Ok, thank you. Who are at risk of hypertension? Hypertension: There are some cultures that are more at risk than others. However, certain conditions and habits can put anyone at risk for high blood pressure. According to â€Å"Hypertension† (n.d.), â€Å"It’s more common in African American adults than in Caucasian or Hispanic American adults.† African Americans tend to get high blood pressure early in life. Also, Puerto Rican adults have higher rates of hypertension than any other Hispanic group. Kimberly Thomas: Why do you think African Americans and Puerto Ricans are more at risk than any other culture? Hypertension: There are several factors why these two cultures are more at risk than other cultures. According to â€Å"Hypertension† (n.d.), â€Å"The main factor is the choice of food both cultures eat. Both cultures diet include too much salt.† Kimberly Thomas: Heredity is a factor correct? Can the individual manage some of the risk factors? Hypertension: Yes to both of your questions. There are a few things you can do to manage your high blood pressure. If you’re overweight, it’s highly recommend that you start exercising. Eat healthy food low in saturated fat, Trans fat, cholesterol and salt. Limit your alcohol intake, and stop smoking. Always, take medicine the way your doctor tells you. Kimberly Thomas: I absolutely agree with that. Kimberly Thomas: What about impact it has on cost? Hypertension: According to â€Å"Hypertension† (n.d.), â€Å"In 2010, high blood pressure was projected to cost the United States $93.5 billion in health care services, medications, and missed days of work.† Kimberly Thomas: How does hypertension impact the society? Hypertension: The number 1 cause of death in the United States throughout most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, whether the hypertension is treated or untreated, only 34% of Americans with hypertension have their blood pressure controlled to 140/90. An estimated 30 to 35 million Americans have uncontrolled hypertension, and are therefore at unduly increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Kimberly Thomas: I completely agree with you. I think the number one problem we still have today is that there are many people out there who are not being adequately treated. People who are denial of their problem, is unfortunate because there is help for them. Kimberly Thomas: Well, that’s all for today and Thank you for your time. References: Hypertension. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hypertension/faqs.htm http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/basics/definition/con-20019580

Stress and Happiness–Cause and Effect

Tylynn Schaber Stress and Happiness Which sounds more fun, doing the dishes or playing a little Xbox? One would probably say playing their game and put the chores on the back burner because they could always do it later. This would be classified as procrastination. Procrastination may cause many negative effects including unnecessary stress and loss of one’s happiness. Procrastination is the practice of poor time management paired with lack of willpower. There are two different types of procrastination: behavioral and decisional.Behavioral procrastination is when one uses procrastination as an excuse to do poorly; for example, one may put off studying for an exam until last minute and blame a bad exam score on the procrastination. Another instant where one may have behavior tendencies is when one has low self-esteem or self-worth and believes that if he or she never finishes a task, he or she will not be judged. Those with decisional procrastination problems typically put off making a decision or choice; they typically are afraid of errors and are possibly perfectionists.Decisional procrastinators generally seek out other alternatives until they are made to make a decision, if they make a decision at all. 20% of the population is guilty of procrastination and recent studies show that it is on the rise. Everyone tends to procrastination, possibly not as often as most but definitely occasionally. One of the effects of procrastination is unnecessary stress. Everyone knows that stress has a very negative effect on oneself. Stress is a type of pressure or worry, usually unneeded.Stress has many effects in itself; it may take a toll on one’s body, one’s mood, and one’s behavior. The tolls it can take on one’s body include headaches, sleep problems, and stomach pains. It can affect one’s body by possibly giving a person anxiety, sadness, or even depression. Stress can affect one behavior be making one go through social withdra ws, angry outbursts, and drug and alcohol abuse. All of these additional symptoms of stress could lead to health problems, which are well worth avoiding.Upon all of the things that can come from stress, stress leads back to procrastination. So the more one procrastinates, the more stress one will get, so therefore the more they will procrastinate. Another effect of procrastination is the threat of one’s happiness. Happiness is the state of being content or completely satisfied. Happiness is important in one’s life because that is what gives one the motivation and will to wake up tomorrow and enjoy the little things of life that often go unnoticed, too.Without happiness, one will become depressed; depression has many, many additional negative symptoms. As you can see, by procrastinating, you can hurt more than just your grade. Procrastination can take effect on nearly every part of your life. It can lead to stress which in the end can take a toll on your health, which i s scary. Procrastination may also take away one’s happiness, which could lead to depression. One should note, it is much easier to do work that can be done today, today, and not put anything off for later.

Evolution and Planet Earth essays

Evolution and Planet Earth essays For some unknown reason, the belief that human beings came from monkeys has been a translation of the theory of evolution. This is one of the biggest misconceptions in the many myths regarding evolution. Evolution is a process that explains why life on Earth looks the way it does today. It provides a theoretical look at the changes that life, as we know it has undergone. Over time, plants and animals have changed and still change to adapt to their varying environments. These adaptations are a result of the catalyst of evolution known as natural selection. For any species, only the strongest and most well-adapted individuals will survive. This alone is why humans appear as they do today. Human evolution has nothing to do with the descent of humans from monkeys. Evolution has been widely discussed and heatedly argued. Although there are arguments against it, evolution has taken a strong foothold in the scientific community. Evolution has shaped and is still shaping life on Earth. However, a problem with looking at evolution is the amount of time it takes for this process to occur. Because of this, we must look at the evidence that has been found over long periods. One example is variation and change. It is evident to the naked eye that except for identical twins, which are easily explained not all living things (plants, animals, and mammals) are exactly alike. Life is constantly varying and changing to take on a form superior to its ancestors. This accounts for cattle being born with no horns, sheep with short legs, and in 1849, and a grapevine producing a new species of grapes now known as Concord. One powerful example is a new grass, formed from two species crossing, growing so quickly and efficiently it killed off its parents. Another example that favors evolution is the remains left behind in fossils. Although it is true not all living things become fossils upon death, variation and change can be viewed in fossil remains. One ...

The Currency Act of 1764

The Currency Act of 1764 The Currency Act of 1764 was the second and most impactful of two laws passed by the British government during the reign of King George III that attempted to take total control of the monetary systems of all 13 colonies of British America. Passed by Parliament on September 1, 1764, the act extended the restrictions of the Currency Act of 1751 to all 13 of the American British colonies. It eased the earlier Currency Act’s prohibition against printing of new paper bills, but it did prevent the colonies from repaying future debts with paper bills. Parliament had always envisioned that its American colonies should use a monetary system similar, if not identical, to the British system of â€Å"hard currency† based on the pound sterling. Feeling that it would be too hard for it to regulate colonial paper money, Parliament chose to simply declare it worthless instead. The colonies felt devastated by this and protested angrily against the act. Already suffering a deep trade deficit with Great Britain, colonial merchants feared the lack of their own hard capital would make the situation even more desperate. The Currency Act exacerbated tensions between the colonies and Great Britain and is considered to be one of the many grievances that led to the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence. Economic Problems in the Colonies Having expended almost all of their monetary resources buying expensive imported goods, the early colonies struggled to keep money in circulation. Lacking a form of exchange that did not suffer from depreciation, the colonists depended largely on three forms of currency: Money in the form of locally-produced commodities, like tobacco, used as a means of exchange.Paper money in the form of a bill of exchange or a banknote backed by the value of land owned by an individual.â€Å"Specie† or gold or silver money. As international economic factors caused the availability of specie in the colonies to decrease, many colonists turned to bartering - trading goods or services between two or more parties without the use of money. When bartering proved too limited, the colonists turned to using commodities - mainly tobacco - as money.  However, only poorer quality tobacco ended up being circulated among the colonists, with the higher quality leaves were exported for greater profit. In the face of growing colonial debts, the commodity system soon proved ineffective. Massachusetts became the first colony to issue paper money in 1690, and by 1715, ten of the 13 colonies were issuing their own currency. But the colonies’ money woes were far from over. As the amount of gold and silver needed to back them began to dwindle, so did the actual value of the paper bills. By 1740, for example, a Rhode Island bill of exchange was worth less than 4% of its face value. Worse yet, this rate of the actual value of paper money varied from colony-to-colony. With the amount of printed money growing faster than the overall economy, hyperinflation quickly reduced the buying power of the colonial currency. Forced to accept the depreciated colonial currency as a repayment of debts, British merchants lobbied Parliament to enact the Currency Acts of 1751 and 1764. The Currency Act of 1751 The first Currency Act banned only the New England colonies from printing paper money and from opening new public banks. These colonies had issued paper money mainly to repay their debts to for British and French military protection during the French and Indian Wars. However, years of depreciation had caused the New England colonies’ â€Å"bills of credit† to be worth far less than the silver-backed British pound. Being forced to accept the heavily depreciated New England bills of credit as payment of colonial debts was particularly harmful to British merchants. While the Currency Act of 1751 allowed the New England colonies to continue using their existing bills to be used to pay public debts, like British taxes, it prohibited them from using the bills to pay private debts, such as those to merchants. The Currency Act of 1764 The Currency Act of 1764 extended the restrictions of the Currency Act of 1751 to all 13 of the American British colonies. While it eased the earlier Act’s prohibition against of the printing of new paper bills, it did forbid the colonies from using any future bills for payment of all public and private debts. As a result, the only way the colonies could repay their debts to Britain was with gold or silver. As their supplies of gold and silver rapidly dwindled, this policy created severe financial hardships for the colonies. For the next nine years, English colonial agents in London, including no less than Benjamin Franklin, lobbied Parliament to repeal the Currency Act. Point Made, England Backs Down In 1770, the New York colony informed Parliament that difficulties caused by the Currency Act would prevent it from being able to pay for housing British troops as required by the also unpopular Quartering Act of 1765.  One of the so-called â€Å"Intolerable Acts,† the Quartering  Act forced the colonies to house British soldiers in barracks provided by the colonies. Faced with that expensive possibility, Parliament authorized the New York colony to issues  £120,000 in paper bills for the payment of public, but not private debts. In 1773, Parliament amended the Currency Act of 1764 to allow all of the colonies to issue paper money for the payment of public debts - especially those owed to the British Crown. In the end, while the colonies had reclaimed at least a limited right to issue paper money, Parliament had reinforced its authority over its colonial governments. Legacy of the Currency Acts While both sides managed to temporarily move on from the Currency Acts, they contributed substantially to the growing tensions between the colonists and Britain. When the First Continental Congress issued a Declaration of Rights in 1774, delegates included the Currency Act of 1764 as one of the seven British Acts labeled as â€Å"subversive of American rights.† An Excerpt From the Currency Act of 1764 WHEREAS great quantities of paper bills of credit have been created and issued in his Majestys colonies or plantations in America, by virtue of acts, orders, resolutions, or votes of assembly, making and declaring such bills of credit to be legal tender in payment of money: and whereas such bills of credit have greatly depreciated in their value, by means whereof debts have been discharged with a much less value than was contracted for, to the great discouragement and prejudice of the trade and commerce of his Majestys subjects, by occasioning confusion in dealings, and lessening credit in the said colonies or plantations: for remedy whereof, may it please your most excellent Majesty, that it may be enacted; and be it enacted by the Kings most excellent majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons, in this present parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, That from and after the first day of September, one thousand seven h undred and sixty four, no act, order, resolution, or vote of assembly, in any of his Majestys colonies or plantations in America, shall be made, for creating or issuing any paper bills, or bills of credit of any kind or denomination whatsoever, declaring such paper bills, or bills of credit, to be legal tender in payment of any bargains, contracts, debts, dues, or demands whatsoever; and every clause or provision which shall hereafter be inserted in any act, order, resolution, or vote of assembly, contrary to this act, shall be null and void.

Prepositions That Follow the Verb Alert

Prepositions That Follow the Verb Alert Prepositions That Follow the Verb Alert Prepositions That Follow the Verb Alert By Maeve Maddox I first noticed the nonstandard use of the preposition of following alerted in this item on a site about uncompassionate government policies: After the city council was alerted of the free lunches, it ruled that she would have to acquire a variance to give away food next summer – or pay a fine of $600 a day. When I did a web search of the phrase â€Å"alerted of,† I found hundreds, mostly in headlines: Todd County Sheriff’s Officials Alerted Of Phone Scam Oil Company Was Alerted of Michigan Spill PAC was alerted of chit fund scam in August last year Parents alerted of whooping cough in Elmbrook School  Dist. The verb alert and its past participle form alerted are usually followed by the preposition to: Police alerted to shooter in car Newfane Community Alerted to Home Invasion Parents alerted to improper internet use The adjective alert is also followed by to: Parents must be alert to child predators. Be alert to any change in behavior. The idiom â€Å"on the alert† is followed by for: The troops were on the alert for land mines. The book collector was on the alert for the missing Dickens first edition. Alert entered English in the 16th century from French alerte, â€Å"watchful, vigilant.† The word originated in Middle French as a phrase used by the military: l’herte, â€Å"on the lookout, on the watch.† Alert is used as a noun to mean â€Å"a call or military signal to prepare for an attack; a warning of potential danger; an announcement to look out for.† Some examples of this use are: tornado alert, red alert, Amber alert. As a verb, alert is transitive: The shopkeeper alerted police to the presence of the wanted man. The nonstandard use of â€Å"alerted of† instead of â€Å"alerted to† may be the result of confusing alert with warn. People are warned of danger, but alerted to danger. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Rules for Capitalization in Titles10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Business ethics - Essay Example For a business organization to be able to come up with appropriate code of ethics, it important for leaders to know the kind of ethics which directs decision making and the direction the company is aiming at. Employee’s contribution is essential when creating code of ethics of a given company. This is because they are involved in day to day running of the business. When they participate, they are likely to follow or respect their ideas and recommendations. Organizations are facing great environmental instability and uncertainty. Currently, businesses, public service and voluntary organizations are operating in business contexts which are unpredictable and unstable. In addition, they are faced with rapid change. In order to guarantee companies survival, attain their specific goals and objectives as well as react to market and contextual uncertainties, organization leaders have responsibility of identifying, formulating and enforcing proper strategies. Those managing organizatio ns will have to consider normative values and standards of ethics in which the organizations and society function. Deontology is born from the word Deon, a Greek word that refers to duty. Deon refers to points of view where actions are considered as being ethical or not. It is also known to be the theory or model of moral obligation study. In terms of ethical decision making, deontological approach was known to be a non-consequentialist theory. This indicates that end results or consequences of an action or activity do not dictate whether the action was right (correct) or wrong. This is because a bad deed can cause a positive outcome. It refuses the popular view that the end justifies the means. For example, a person steals money to be able to provide food and shelter for his or her starving family. It also asserts that a good character is not good absolutely. Ones kind or good deeds or words may result in bad

The Marshal Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Marshal Hypothesis - Essay Example He was of the opinion that if the electorate was fully informed, they would reject the death penalty. I believe that this hypothesis is true, as many people who are in support of the death penalty are unaware of the facts behind it. One of the major reasons against the death penalty that would make the public reconsider their support for it is the discriminatory way in which it is applied. There has been evidence to show that the death penalty is more likely to be imposed on ‘poor, powerless African Americans.’ The fact that the juries were given the discretion to impose the death sentence means that there is a high likelihood of discrimination. Most people are unaware of the discriminatory nature of the application of the death penalty. If people were aware of this fact, fewer would support the harsh sentence (Walker 348). In most cases, it has been found that a majority of people change their opinions about the death penalty upon finding out the discriminatory way in w hich it is applied. The decisions of juries in capital cases can also be seen as evidence to support the Marshal hypothesis. The inconsistency with which the juries apply the death penalty can be interpreted to mean that the social values fundamentally reject the death penalty. ... The sentiment against the death penalty should therefore be considered in rendering the punishment invalid (Furman v. Georgia, 1972, p. 332). Various studies have also been conducted to test the Marshal Hypothesis. Most of the studies come up with the same results; that people with an informed opinion do not support capital punishment, and exposure to information on capital punishment reduces its support in those who were previously in its support. For most people, the most important goal of punishment is retribution, or ensuring that people are made to pay for their crimes. This is why in cases of crimes such as murder; some people will support the death penalty as they believe that is the only way that murderers can pay for their crimes. The support of the death penalty has been seen to be based on myths that surround the debate. One such myth is that the death penalty is more effective than a life imprisonment sentence. Another myth is that it leads to the lowering of the murder r ate if the death penalty is publicized. The facts about the death penalty are however that poor people who commit murder have a higher chance of being sentenced to death than rich people who commit the same crime. Black people are also more likely to receive the death penalty than the white offenders who have committed the same crime. If a white victim is murdered, the offender is more likely to receive a death penalty than would be the case if a black victim was murdered. This information has an impact on the people’s perception and acceptance of the death penalty (Walker 356). People who believe the myths about the death penalty change their opinion about it upon exposure to the truths about it. The Marshal Hypothesis says that people

Islamic finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Islamic finance - Research Paper Example The tradesmen in the Middle Eastern region of the globe were the main facilitators of Islamic financing processes following the principle of Sharia as described in Islam. These principles were similar to those followed by the European financial transactions at that time. The Arab people belonging to the Ottoman Empire engaged in increased trading activities with the Spanish people and were the forerunners in establishing a financial system which was based on a profit and loss sharing principle and removed the system of interest payment. These principles were followed in the financing of trade processes as well as for other enterprises. With time, the Asian and Middle Eastern regions emerged as important partners in trade for the European companies like the Dutch East India Company. Therefore, the European banks started to set up their operations in these regions. These banks followed the interest based principle. At that time, the conventional financial system was considered as more important due to the role of the financial systems flowed in the Western countries from the global economic perspective. The Islamic financing systems existed in small geographic regions and their activities were limited. It is indicated by the researchers that the first trends of Islamic banking were noticed in the way the Islamic institutions conducted the transactions and payment procedures related to trade in the medieval times. But the first noticeable Islamic finance process was established in Egypt during the 1960s. The movement related to Islamic finance accelerated in the 1970s wh3wen the Arab countries saw a boom in their oil capacity and the Islamic institutions renewed and modified their interest payment and other financial systems to adhere to the Islamic laws and principles. The high growth of the predominant Islamic countries in the Middle East contributed to the accelerated diversification and expansion in the Islamic finance and banking systems. The Mit Ghamr Saving s

Primary Source Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Primary Source Study - Essay Example â€Å"The complete housewife or Accomplished Gentlewomen’s companion† is a cookery book written in eighteenth century by the author Eliza Smith. Originally published in 1727. It is not just a cook book from the history but also contains various medicinal prescriptions and home remedies handy in the case of any emergency and works as the first aid. The book was written clearly as its name indicate to provide assistance to the women of that time to improve their efficiency in cooking and making them competent and a complete gentlewomen because cooking was very essential and fundamental skill required by fine ladies of that time. Fixing a meal today is very simple these days but in colonial time’s it was an hours long affair until there was enough light to see in the kitchens and without any refrigeration all meals have to be cooked and seasoned in the same day(Heyes,2009) Eliza tried to show her confidence in cooking and food and every ones attitudes towards it in this book which is considered as the first cook book to be published in America. It contains collection of several hundred receipts of pastries, confectionaries, pickles, preserving meat, cakes, jellies, wines added with hundred of receipts of home remedies for minor ailments including syrups, ointments, elixirs etc. Through the book Eliza conveyed her own lives experience and knowledge to the other women of the society. Women are known to reveal their life’s stories through their receipes of food cleaning or medicinal remedies; it is the way of their communication. cMrs. Smith worked as a cook in upper class household and that is why she knew a lot about cooking and serving. She also criticized the male cook book writers and claimed that they hold their recepies secret from the rest of the public and stressed upon her female audience her past experiences in that regard.d In contrast to other cook book writers her work is much more competent unlike other amateurish writers wh ose work fail to show citations to quoted information (Allen,1999) .As it is considered as the first cook books it

REFLECTION PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

REFLECTION PAPER - Essay Example The White supremacists used violence against striking slaves and imposed laws that required the states to arrest all escaping slaves. At the end of slavery, the White supremacists felt threatened and Jim Crow laws that provided for ‘separate but equal’ doctrine were passed in order to maintain White dominance in the society (Brown and Webb 47). The Jim Crow laws enforced segregation that required the separation of Whites and Blacks in public places and prohibited intermarriages. The draconian and unjust laws applied to the public transport system, education system and restaurants thus creating wrong perceptions that blacks were inferior to Whites (Brown and Webb 34). The white women were considered to models of modesty, self-control and self-respect. On the other hand, the black women were stereotyped as seductive, lewd and tempting and their misconceived insatiable desire for sex made them ideal for prostitution. In this case, such stereotypes later led to sexual harassments in other places such as workplace. The scantily dressed black women were stereotyped as lustful and lacking civility. The Blacks were not regarded as citizens and thus were not entitled to protection or respect while the Whites enjoyed higher standards of living due to access to economic opportunities (Brown and Webb 78). The blacks had no freedom of speech, faith, though and right to enter in to contracts and thus were perceived as inferior to the other races in the society. For instance, the Naturalization Act of 1790 only allowed the ‘free white persons’ to become citizens and excluded the racialized minorities (Brown and Webb 37). Accordingly, American women were forbidden to marry aliens since they would automatically lose their citizenship in the early decades of 20th century. The blacks had not civil rights or right to own any property and were barred from obtaining redress against any action of their white masters. Although the Negro Suffrage and Social Equality of 1868

Philosophy of Economics Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Economics Assignment - Essay Example spect Theory is the value function which is "normally concave for gains, commonly convex for losses, and is generally steeper for losses than for gains (p. 263)† (Kahneman, 2002). According to Prospect theory, decision weights sometimes systematically differ from actual probabilities (Kahneman, 2002). For instance, there is always overweighing of very low probabilities thereby gambling on a rather unlikely event may become an attractive option. Prospect Theory uses empirical data to prove its argument (Kahneman, 2002). In trying to make the predictions, Kahneman and Tversky undertook a survey. They presented the data where a clear majority-taking consideration of two choices between two hypothetical prospects-preferred a predicted alternative even in times when strict economic rationality would clear favor the other (Kahneman, 2002). For instance, the two proponents of Prospects Theory asked their subjects to between these two economic choices. The neoclassical economics generally focuses on the choices that individuals make for purposes of consumption of goods and services (Kleinaltenkamp, & Ehret, 2006). Neoclassical focuses on the individual choices, preferences, and beliefs as well as the allocation that individual place on alternative choices (Kahneman, 2002). Through demand and supply, neoclassical economics have a standard approach to individual’s rationality in his or her ability to maximize utility or/and profit. The basis of neoclassical economics approaches are guided by three assumptions: As much as neoclassical and Prospects Theory are both economic theory and concepts, they have some different arguments (Kahneman, 2002). Neoclassical economics argues that preferences between two commodities do not depend on the consumer’s current entitlements. This behavioral concept forms the difference between these two theories (Kahneman, 2002). The neoclassic argue that Individuals maximize utility of the goods and services they consume while firms on the

REFLECTION PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

REFLECTION PAPER - Essay Example The White supremacists used violence against striking slaves and imposed laws that required the states to arrest all escaping slaves. At the end of slavery, the White supremacists felt threatened and Jim Crow laws that provided for ‘separate but equal’ doctrine were passed in order to maintain White dominance in the society (Brown and Webb 47). The Jim Crow laws enforced segregation that required the separation of Whites and Blacks in public places and prohibited intermarriages. The draconian and unjust laws applied to the public transport system, education system and restaurants thus creating wrong perceptions that blacks were inferior to Whites (Brown and Webb 34). The white women were considered to models of modesty, self-control and self-respect. On the other hand, the black women were stereotyped as seductive, lewd and tempting and their misconceived insatiable desire for sex made them ideal for prostitution. In this case, such stereotypes later led to sexual harassments in other places such as workplace. The scantily dressed black women were stereotyped as lustful and lacking civility. The Blacks were not regarded as citizens and thus were not entitled to protection or respect while the Whites enjoyed higher standards of living due to access to economic opportunities (Brown and Webb 78). The blacks had no freedom of speech, faith, though and right to enter in to contracts and thus were perceived as inferior to the other races in the society. For instance, the Naturalization Act of 1790 only allowed the ‘free white persons’ to become citizens and excluded the racialized minorities (Brown and Webb 37). Accordingly, American women were forbidden to marry aliens since they would automatically lose their citizenship in the early decades of 20th century. The blacks had not civil rights or right to own any property and were barred from obtaining redress against any action of their white masters. Although the Negro Suffrage and Social Equality of 1868

Corporate social responsibility Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Corporate social responsibility - Dissertation Example Corporate social responsibility Moreover COSCO business practices illustrate practices that are fruitful for all (stakeholders, shareholders, workers, partners, suppliers, customers) (COSCO, 2011). In terms of social contributions COSCO is working on the principle of addressing workers to effectively participate in their community development, with its myriad activities are aligned and performed in order to participate in social growth and employees are also encouraged and supported in this regard. For instance COSCO in Singapore have been supporting Yellow Ribbon Project consecutively since five years, keeping in view that this projects has given employment opportunities to person who have been offenders previously by engaging locals in order to give them another chance. As a result COSCO is proud of the fact that many ex-criminals are now back serving societies (COSCO, 2011). Similarly in China COSCO group is very much fulfilling its duty of social responsibility by providing opportunities and supporting various education programs for needy students in China. For instance COSCO Zhoushan Shipyard devised a social activity by the name â€Å"Transfer Youth love, warm Tibetan Herdsman†. The core purpose behind this activity was to provide assistance and help for the needy Tibetan students in remote areas of Tibet. Likewise â€Å"Blue ocean plan love Tibet† launched by Trade union and youth league of Nantong Shipyard which consists of three main parts namely seagugll, seashell and dolphins was drafted in order to build a structure of support (long term) for the needy children of Tibets. The core aim behind this activity was to ameliorate literacy levels by donating basic school needs like bags, uniforms, books, toys, stationery and other material that is needed by students (COSCO, 2011). Besides these activities COSCO also provide help in terms of disaster relief and various other activities related to charity. COSCO is very much aware of the environmental issues and understands th e seriousness of the matter. Therefore various innovations have been carried out by the organisation in order to come up with practices that could less effect the environment. For achieving this goal, different innovations are being carried out like the concept of GREEN SHIP OF THE FUTURE. This concept enables staff and workers to come up with eco friendly ideas and practices. As COSCO is very much keen on practicing and devising designs of ships and operations of management that best suits environment or are environment friendly (COSCO, 2011). LITERATURE REVIEW Corporate Social Responsibility Guthey, Langer, and Morsing (2006) have defined Corporate Social Responsibility as a practice of management that is garnering importance and nowadays is also considered as fad of management. Meanwhile it is believed that businesses around the world have incorporated CSR differently or CSR practices vary around the world. For instance many organisations have perceptions that CSR is an effective tool that can help confining risks and costs related to business operations (Hockerts, 2008). But only very limited amount of organisations are using CSR effectively in order to come up with originality and innovations. Likewise Blum-Kusterer and Hussain after studying 150 British and German pharmaceutical companies believes that in order to achieve sustainability in innovations, advancement in technology

In Mass Boom Wing Structure Engineering Essay

In Mass Boom Wing Structure Engineering Essay Wing structure is a main part of the aircraft which transmits resist applied loads and provide and maintain aerodynamic shape. Mass Box beam Box beam Multi-spar Delta Wing http://www.free-online-private-pilot-ground-school.com/images/wing-components.gif FIGURE 1: Wing components (http://www.free-online-private-pilot-ground-school.com/aircraft-structure.html) 1.1 Mass boom structure In mass boom wing structure there are flanges with one or two spares to bear the bending and the torsional load is carried by spar webs. The outer wing is only works against the buckling due to shear forces with help of the ribs and span wise stiffeners. Mass boom structure is mostly use on slow aircraft with thick wings and low wing loadings. (Torenbeek.E 1999, p259) C:UserscompaqDesktopCapturen.PNG FIGURE 3: Typical single spar Mass boom structure (SYNTHESIS OF SUBSONIC AIRPLANE DESIGN, 1988) Advantages in Mass boom structure Tapered booms are uncomplicated to manufacture and might be modified to the local stress level preferred. High stress levels are achievable. Disadvantages of Mass boom structure Failure of spar boom is catastrophic, due to the absence of fail-safe characteristics; the mass boom wing structure is no longer used in new transport aircraft designs. Due to the high stress in the spar boom the deflections under bending loads are large. The skin plays no part in, the absorbing the bending moment so that is not used very efficiently. If two-spar configuration is used, the spar height is less than the airfoil thickness. The forces in the spar booms due to bending are thus increased and more material will be required. Many ribs are required to stabilize the spar booms. The skin will be buckle when loaded if no stringers are used; this will adversely affected the aerodynamic cleanness. (Torenbeek.E 1999, p260) 1.2 Box beam structure In box beam construction there are thin skins or webs and stringer jointed in box shape. This wing designed to carry shear, bending and torsional loads. Box beam structures incorporate skin panels, which are stressed only to take shear forces, but also the end load due to bending. From the point of view of fail-safe design and stressed skin structure is much better than the mass boom type. (Torenbeek.E ,1999, p260) This method is more suitable for aircraft wings with medium to high load intensities and differs from the mass boom concept in that the upper and lower skins also contribute to the span wise bending resistance. Another difference is that the concept incorporates span wise stringers to support the highly-stressed skin panel area. The resultant use of a large number of end-load carrying members improves the overall structural damage tolerance. http://www.scribd.com/doc/39959654/WING Advantages of box beam structure The advantages of the box beam will be evident when considerable skin thickness is required to obtain sufficient tensional rigidity on wing design for high speed and thin, high aspect ratio wings. In lightly loaded wings, however the stress level in the upper skin will be kept fairly low to avoid buckling and the differences in weight will be small as compared with the mass boom type. Disadvantages of box beam structure Interactions among the ribs and stringers are a main advantage of the box beam, because of these ribs has to go by the stringers or path of the load can be fail. Also this structure has many joints which make the wing structure heavy. It needs more assemble time, increases complexity, stress concentration areas and manufacturing cost.( http://www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1#) 2. MATERIAL SELECTION FOR THE WING STRUCTURE Several significant factors considered when selecting materials for aircraft structural applications. http://www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/ctm/v20n3-4/v20n3-4a11.pdf Materials properties such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ultimate stress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Yield stress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stiffness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Temperature limits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Corrosion resistance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fatigue resistance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fracture toughness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fragility at low temperatures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crack growth resistance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ductility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maintainability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reliability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fabricability The main group of materials used in aircraft construction has been: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wood à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Steel à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aluminum alloys à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Titanium alloys à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fiber reinforced composites Aluminium alloys usage in structural parts In aircraft structures Aluminium alloys are mainly used since its a relatively low-cost, simply produced and machined. Rib is a structural part of the wing to which keeps the aerodynamic profile, and oppose the distributed aerodynamic pressure loads along with the skin, distribute concentrated loads into the structure redistribute stress around any discontinuities Increase the column buckling strength of the stringers through end restraint.( http://www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1#) Increase the skin panel buckling strength. Group 7000 aluminium alloy used in Compression applications like this, where static strength is more important than fatigue or damage tolerance. It is also used in Upper wing surfaces and beams. Wing Spars Transmit bending and tensional loads. Produce a closed-cell structure to provide resistance to torsion, shear and tension loads. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1#)These usually comprise thin aluminium alloy webs and flanges, sometimes with separate vertical stiffeners riveted to the webs. The flanges are extruded or machined and bolted or riveted onto the webs. Skin is to form impermeable aerodynamic surface, Transmit aerodynamic forces to ribs stringers, Resist shear torsion loads.( http://www.scribd.com/doc/30983628/olaestruclayout-1#) Aluminium alloy used to manufacture the wing. Aluminium alloys and their recommended applications Material Recommended Application 2024-T3, T42, T351, T81 Use for high strength tension application; has best fracture toughness, slow crack growth rate and good fatigue life. 2224-T3, 2324-T3 8% improvement strength over 2024-T3; fatigue and toughness better than 2024-T3. 7075-T6, T651, T 7351 Have higher strength than 2024, lower fracture toughness, and use for tension applications where fatigue is not critical. 7079-T6 Similar to 7075 but has better thick section properties than 7075. 7150-T6 11% improvement strength over 7075-T5. Fatigue and toughness better than 7075-T6. 717-T6, T651 Use for compression application. Aluminium-Lithium 10% lighter, 10% stiffer and superior fatigue performance than other AL alloys. PM Aluminium Higher strength, good fatigue life, good toughness, higher temperature capability and superior corrosion resistance. TABLE 2: ALUMINIUM ALLOYS AND THEIR RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS (FROM AIRFRAME STRUCTURAL DESIGN, SECOND EDITION 2002, p 102) Wood The first aircraft were constructed from wood since Wood has a good Strength/weight ratio about 0.1 same as aluminum alloys. http://www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/ctm/v20n3-4/v20n3-4a11.pdf Steel Steel are applied in various components in an aircraft. Steel is used for highly stressed Components because of its high strength. Titanium Titanium has an excellent relation stress/weight, good Resistance to corrosion and good creep proprieties. Its uses are limited for special proposes. http://www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/ctm/v20n3-4/v20n3-4a11.pdf 3. BENDING MOMENT REDUCTION OF THE WING The bending-moment is the force at each location on the spar that bends the wing upward during normal non-inverted flight, the force rotating the wing around the fuselage. The bending-moment is zero at the wing-tip and maximum at the root. But its value is not proportional across the span. In other words, it is not half as much at the wing mid-point as it is at the root. In fact, the mid-point bending-moment is only about a 1/4 of the root value. A340-200 is a modern passenger transport design which has box beam structure wing with 197ft wing span and 610,000 lb maximum takeoff weight.( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A340#Specifications) Bending moment = (Total weight*Total wing span)/8 FIGURE 5: BENDING MOMENT VS SPAN POSITION The  maximum bending moment  magnitude occurs at the  wing  root Wing weight is linearly proportional to the wing root bending moment. Therefore if we reduce the weight of the aircraft by using light material it can reduce the maximum bending moment on the wing root. Also the wing span is proportional to bending moment; the bending moment can be reduced by reducing the wing span of the aircraft. Wing with high aspect ratio with entire swept box structure wing moves towards the root and therefore forward of the aircraft. Then in order to maintain balance smaller wing lift and larger tail plane lift will be required. The inboard shift in the lift will decrease the wing root bending moment. When engines are mounted on the wings, their weight is obviously going to be borne by the wing structure, along with inertia loads as the aircraft maneuvers. Thrust forces from the engines will also be carried by the wings. With pod-mounted engines the thrust force is bellow the wing and so this tends to twist the wing. This can be used to balance the effect of the aerodynamics of the wing which creates a nose down pitching moment. Another advantage of wing mounted engines is that their weight is close to the area in which lift is produce. This reduces the total fuselage reducing the shear force and bending moment at the wing attachment to the fuselage. So putting the engines on the wings provides bending relief. (Wilkinson 2009,p 32) Outboard fuel tanks reduce the wing bending moment. If the landing gear is not mounted under the wing it reduces the wing weight and it also reduce the bending moment of the wing. Braced wings reduce the wing weight by 30% and it helps to reduce the bending moment of the wing. C:UserscompaqDesktopUntitled.png FIGURE 6: LOADING EFFECTS ON A WING 4. EFFECTS OF WING THICKNESS TO WING WEIGHT The thickness of the airfoil affects the drag, maximum lift, stall characteristics and the structural weight. The thickness is generally given as a ratio of the chord which is referred to as the thickness ratio or the thickness to chord ratio (t/c). An airfoil with a high thickness ratio decrease wing weight since both bending and torsional thickness increase with increasing the thickness. (Roskam, J, 2002, p69) Wing weight is strongly affected by thickness, particularly for cantilever wings. Thicker is lighter FIGURE 7: Effect of Thickness Ratio on Wing Weight (Airplane Design, 2002) GD method (Roskam, J, 2002, p69) to estimate the wing weight of the commercial transport aircrafts Ww = {0.00428(S0.48) (A) (MH) 0.43 (WTO nult) 0.84 ( Ã‚ ¬) 0.14}/ [{100 (t/c) m }0.74 (Cos Æ’â„ ¢1/2)1.54 ] (Roskam, J, 2002, p69) Definition of terms and data of Boeing 747-400 Ww = Structural weight of the wing S = Wing area in ft2 = 6027.78  ft2 A = Wing aspect ratio = 7.4   WTO = Takeoff weight in lbs = 875,000  lb nult = design ultimate load factor = 1.5  Ã‚ ¬ = Wing taper ratio = 0.37 (t/c) m = Maximum wing thickness ratio Æ’â„ ¢1/2 = Wing semi-chord sweep angle = 33.50 MH = Maximum Mach number at sea level = 0.885 This equation is valid only in the following parameter ranges MH from 0.4 to 0.8 (t/c)m from 0.08 to 0.15 and A from 4 to 12 Ww = {0.00428(60280.48) (7.4) (0.885) 0.43 (875000ÃÆ'- 1.5) 0.84 (0.37) 0.14}/ [{100 (t/c) m }0.74 (Cos 33.50)1.54 ] When (t/c)m is 0.08,Ww = 36747.3657 When (t/c)m is 0.15 Ww = 23078.37734 From the above calculations we can come to a conclusion that the thicker wing is lighter than the thinner wing. (1494 Words)

Speeding Up Windows 95 :: essays research papers

SPEEDING UP WINDOWS 95 Windows 95 with certain minor alterations and software upgrades can operate at a faster more efficient speed. With this Windows 95 tutorial, all the things you do now will be easier and faster, and what you always wanted to know is now here for you to learn. This tutorial will provide you with insightful instructional and informative tips about free programs such as TweakUI, and day to day maintenance OS needs. First, it is very important that you run Windows 95 with at least a high-end 486 (Pentium recommended), 8 megs of ram(adding more ram will increase overall performance), and at least 1 meg of video memory. Most of the following tips included here are for speedy application processes while others simply rewrites or bug fixes. One advantage Windows 95 has over its competitors is the user interface feature that comes built in with the operating system. User interface is a program within Windows 95 that allows customization of certain interface settings based on personal preference. About a year ago Microsoft released a small program called TweakUI that actually adds more flexibility and functionality to the already current user-friendly interface. TweakUI is actually a rewrite (bug fix) program that edits certain data files from the Windows 95 registry. With TweakUI running on your machine you can disable the following options which in turn will speed up your access time: windows animation, reboot start up, GUI interface, and last log on settings. TweakUI also adds a few nifty extras such as: smooth scroll, mouse enhancement, instant CD-ROM data load, and much more. Surprisingly enough TweakUI is offered free of charge to any WWW user and can be found at: http://www.microsoft.com or http://www.tucows.com. TweakUI is a definite must for any Windows 95 user looking to benefit the most from their home computer. No can argue that Windows 95 is the cleanest and most efficiently set up OS around. In fact, Windows 95 is by far the messiest OS to ever hit the market this decade. When compared to operating systems such as MacOS, OS2Warp, and Windows NT, Windows 95 finishes in dead last. This is due mainly to the fact that when installing or uninstalling a program in the Windows 95 environment, the program manager scatters files all over different parts of the file system (fixed disk directory). These scattered bits of files are often called leftovers (which is to be taken by definition of) which if left on your drive, cause extreme slow downs when you CPU is at work. Usually leftovers can be found in your c:/windows, c:/windows/system, or

How Pollution Affects Ecosystems and the Global Climate Essay example

How Pollution Affects Ecosystems and the Global Climate Introduction The main theme of our lesson is how pollution affects ecosystems and the global climate. We aim to teach 4th and 5th grade students about erosion in order for them to gain awareness about the anthropogenic (human-induced) impacts on the environment and global climate change as well as to generate ideas on how they can reduce their own ecological footprints. We feel this is important because the lesson not only educates students, but also motivates them to take action. This lesson will cover many of the Colorado State Academic Standards, not only science-related (Physical and Life Sciences, Science as an Inquiry, and Science in Personal and Social Perspectives), but also those pertaining to geography (Human Systems and Environment and Society) and language arts (Communication Skills and Strategies and Applying Language Skills). There are four essential components to the lesson. The first will serve as a formative assessment of students’ knowledge of pollution by playing a game which asks â€Å"have you ever† questions (for example, â€Å"have you ever heard of global warming?†). This activity is significant in our lesson because it is a hook to get students thinking about the ways they already help and hurt the environment. The next part will introduce students to the concept of an ecosystem, a fundamental unit of the biosphere. We will present the students with a fish inside of a bowl of water and ask whether or not they think this is an ecosystem. We will then add various other living and non-living components and ask the students each time. Afterwards, we will explain the concept of an ecosystem in further detail. The next activity com... ...obal_climate_change>. Cohen, Jordan, and Nick Hopwood. "Greenhouse Gases and Society." University of Michigan. 26 Sept. 2006 . "Ecosystems." Thinkquest. 26 Sept. 2006 . "Greenhouse Gases: Frequently Asked Questions." NOAA Satellite and Information Service. 1 Dec. 2005. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 26 Sept. 2006 . "National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) Standards Key." CSI: Climate Status Investigations. The Keystone Center. 26 Sept. 2006 . â€Å"Types of Pollution.† Pollution: A Global Threat to the Environment. 2001. Thinkquest. 27 Sept. 2006

Confrontation

Cindy Xin Wang MBA 5500 Managing Confrontation Writing Assignment 1 Mar. 25th, 2010 Confrontation: Based on My Personal Experience Confrontation is never a pleasant process for both the one who conducts the action and the one who is confronted with. According to the textbook, crucial confrontation is defined as face-to-face accountability discussions with the aim to address and close the gap between expectations and actual performances. The gap is usually violated expectations, broken promises, or poor performances. Confrontation is not a simple discussion but deals with an urgent high-steak issue. The differences between what was promised or expected and what actually happened are very common in real life. Most of the time, however, people try to avoid confronting others even though they want to hold someone accountable. They believe the action is either unnecessary or unaffordable. After the first lectures in this class, I began to realize that some confrontations do not necessarily to be unpleasant. Some confrontations could be very effective and helpful in improving results and relationships if conducting well. Before confronting people, first, we need to analyze the consequences of either confronting or not confronting this person. Then we need to identify the real issue by unbundling with CPR (context, patter, and relation), and distill to a single sentence for the whole situation. Then we can make a decision on whether to confront this person or not. Also, to master confrontations, we need to avoid silence, violence, and hogs. This paper will discover a potential confrontation that has troubled me for quite a long time, and use the skills that I learned in this class to examine the situation and decide whether to conduct confrontation or not. The issue that bothers me for a long time is a grading discrepancy with a professor. I took that class year. I got 89. 6% of that class. Most of the students in that class were the same major with me and we’ve know each other very well. The score that I disagree with is the participation points. The grading policy was the quality of the I thought I was misjudged as Confrontation Cindy Xin Wang MBA 5500 Managing Confrontation Writing Assignment 1 Mar. 25th, 2010 Confrontation: Based on My Personal Experience Confrontation is never a pleasant process for both the one who conducts the action and the one who is confronted with. According to the textbook, crucial confrontation is defined as face-to-face accountability discussions with the aim to address and close the gap between expectations and actual performances. The gap is usually violated expectations, broken promises, or poor performances. Confrontation is not a simple discussion but deals with an urgent high-steak issue. The differences between what was promised or expected and what actually happened are very common in real life. Most of the time, however, people try to avoid confronting others even though they want to hold someone accountable. They believe the action is either unnecessary or unaffordable. After the first lectures in this class, I began to realize that some confrontations do not necessarily to be unpleasant. Some confrontations could be very effective and helpful in improving results and relationships if conducting well. Before confronting people, first, we need to analyze the consequences of either confronting or not confronting this person. Then we need to identify the real issue by unbundling with CPR (context, patter, and relation), and distill to a single sentence for the whole situation. Then we can make a decision on whether to confront this person or not. Also, to master confrontations, we need to avoid silence, violence, and hogs. This paper will discover a potential confrontation that has troubled me for quite a long time, and use the skills that I learned in this class to examine the situation and decide whether to conduct confrontation or not. The issue that bothers me for a long time is a grading discrepancy with a professor. I took that class year. I got 89. 6% of that class. Most of the students in that class were the same major with me and we’ve know each other very well. The score that I disagree with is the participation points. The grading policy was the quality of the I thought I was misjudged as

Recruitment and Selection in Business Essay

Department of Business In conjunction with Edexcel Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Business Assessment Information Unit No & Name: Unit 13: Recruitment and Selection in Business level 3 Lecturers/Assessor Name: Date Set: w/c Sept 2013 Assignment Name: 1 of 2 Recruitment. Submission Date: As detailed on assignment Edexcel Unit Code A/502/5434 Assessment Type: Internal (Portfolio) Unit Credit Value 10 Internal Standardisation Assignment Brief Assessments Author: Assessor 1 Internal Verifier: Assessor 2 Date: Sept 2013 Internal Verifier(s): Assessment Resources Document/File Name of Document/File VLE Network Assignment Brief: Unit 13: Recruitment and Selection in Business ï   Unit Specification: See VLE or Edexcel.comQualifications ï   ï   Feedback Header Sheet: CF015 will be attached for formative and summative feedback Learning Outcomes relevant to assignment linked to:- 1 Know the processes involved in recruitment planning 2 Understand the implications of the regulatory framework for the process of recruitment and selection Level 2 Level 3 Unit 1: The Business Environment (10) * Unit 4: Business Communication (10) ** Unit 16: Human Resource Management in Business (10) Tasks Task Submission Dates Task 1 Task 2 Task 2a Task 3 Week ending 4th October 2013 Week ending 25th October 2013 Week ending 8th November 2013 Week ending 22nd November 2013 Performance Criteria Assessed in this assignment: Note that this IS / NOT a whole Unit assignment. Pass P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Merit M1 M2 M3 M4 Dist D1 D2 D3 Comments and Deadlines Note: All tasks must be completed by the deadlines set. Failure to do so may mean that the higher grades may not be obtained. Evidence may be submitted for other units stated above but put into context. Make sure you xref to grade. Scenario: This scenario relates to recruitment selection, advertising and preparing documents for different job roles. You are working for a recruitment agency and they have asked you to review and write a report about the recruitment processes of two separate organisations. You will prepare advertisement and appropriate documentation for an organisation. The first job is for an Administrator Assistant for the Finance area of a College and also for a Team Leader in a Supermarket. To confirm that the documentation is correct and accurate you will complete the documentation and submit for checking to your line manager. Your line manager has asked you to identify how similar organisations plan recruitment using internal and external sources. Using the format below you are then to produce a report identifying why the 2 organisations identified need to recruit and how they plan their recruitment. To: (Insert Teachers name) From: (Insert your name) Date: (Insert month and year) Re: Recruitment and Selection Task 1 (P1) : Identify how two organisations plan recruitment using internal and external sources. Prepare a planning sheet this will support you to write your report. Once this has been completed, you will then create the relevant report to show that you gained an understanding about the processes for recruiting staff for two separate organisations. This report should be headed up â€Å"Processes involved with recruitment planning by comparing 2 organisations, using internal and external sources.† The report should have an opening paragraph introducing your aim with NO SUB HEADINGS The main section should contain the following: Section 1: Reasons for Recruitment -The reasons for vacancies. Section 2: Internal Recruitment – The internal aspects of recruitment planning, including advertising internally, promotion and succession planning. Section 3: External Recruitment – The external aspects of recruitment planning, including advertising internally, promotion and succession planning. Section 4: Identify 2 organisations: Research and analyse about Tesco (Sainsbury’s) and Havering College. Why should they take the decision to recruit by using different processes to recruit for internal and external staff. (Refer to sections 1 to 3). Section 5: Recruitment Process Diagram and methods of application: Compare the organisations recruitment methods, which can be shown in a recruitment process diagram and the methods of application that are used. Conclusion which should contain the advantages and disadvantages of recruiting internally and externally. Recommendations of whether to recruit internally or externally. Task 1 addresses P1 identify how two organisations plan recruitment using internal and external sources complete by 4th October 2013 This report should be 3 – 4 pages in length – see Appendix 1 Task 2 (P3) Recruitment pack As part of your training you need to familiar with all documentation used for recruitment and their purpose. You must identify all the documents used in the three stages of the selection process (P3). Job description, Person specification and Application documentation which includes a letter, application form and curriculum vitae. You must know the purpose of the key documents and the purpose of the information that the completed documents will provide for the interviewers. You must present this in a suitable format to your line manager. See appendix 1. You have been asked to produce documents for the position at a College and Team Leader for a supermarket (See scenario). These will include: 1) A job description (see P3) 2) Person specification (see P3) 3) Create job advertisement, (you need to create a company name and logo). 4) Develop a CV 5) Complete application forms (paper based and online) 6) Produce a covering letter This needs to be to a good standard as it will be used during the interview process. P3 Develop and produce the recruitment pack complete by – 8th November 2013 Task 2a (P3) – By producing a report to develop Task 2 further to include the following you may be able to achieve M1 and D1. Addresses M1: compare the purposes of the different documents used in the selection and recruitment process for a given organisation. Addresses D1: Look at the documentation collected and make judgments on the usefulness of documents that you have collated in the interview pack. Consider the interview pack you have produced. You must judge how effective and useful each of the documents is that you have produced. How do they help you and the organisation manage and conduct the interview? How do they help you make a decision in the interview process? Do any of them limit your decision in the selection process? You can use SWOT analysis to help you consider the strengths and weaknesses of the process. M1 and D1 compare the purpose and evaluate the usefulness of the documents in the interview pack for a given organisation, in facilitating the interview process – complete by 8th November 2013 Task 3 (P2): Create a presentation relating to the following: (Please include speaker notes – minimum of 10 slides) The presentation must include information on the following legislation and the impact of that legislation on recruitment when conducting interviews. This must be done by providing a concise, but detailed presentation for interviewers on:- Sex Discrimination Act 1995/97 Race Relations Act 1992 Equal Pay Act 1970 Disability Discrimination Acts 1995 and 2005 European Working Time Directive Employment Act 2002 and Work and Families Act 2006 Age discrimination Act Sexual Orientation Act Data Protection Act 1998 What ethical/moral reasons should we follow when recruiting staff? Make sure you include speaker’s notes for each slide which support your presentation. You may wish to use images or charts to enhance your work. Include a bibliography of sources of useful information from your research. Task 3 (P2) legal and the impact of legislation on recruitment – complete by 22 Nov 2013 Appendix 1 Please note that all assignments for this unit are to be submitted on one of the deadline dates listed above. Please make sure all assignments are completed with your name, student number and signature. Guidance Notes: Please read P1: It may help to research about working with an agency so that you gain an understanding about working in this environment. Consider other areas in the department and the duties they would be expected to do for each area or section which could support your job role. Look at how the college and supermarket would recruit and who might apply internally and also the types of methods that can be used for external recruitment process. Guidance Notes: Please read P3: When writing the job description and person specification, if you use the internet as a source please remember to ensure that the post contains duties that would be required by the college and not just generic duties that may have been found from your internet source. Guidance Notes: Please read P2: When researching for the legislation and the impact of that legislation on recruitment, please ensure that you give clear and precise information so that everyone is aware of the legislation and please do not use technical jargon. PLEASE CHECK ALL DOCUMENTS FOR SPELLING, GRAMMAR AND PUNCTUATION

African American Theatre Essay

Harlem Renaissance was the name of the African American cultural movement that gained its popularity in the 1920s and early 1930s. It got its name because it took its roots in Harlem of New York, an area which had been always associated with the African American inhabitants. It emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late 1920s, and then faded in the mid-1930s (Encarta, 2006). Harlem Renaissance as a movement attracted serious attention of the publishers to the African American cultural phenomena. It was the starting point to consider the African American art and literature to be a substantial part of the entire American culture. It attracted serious attention of the American nation to the culture of the huge part of American citizens, African Americans. It was initially a literature movement but it was also related to the African American music, theatre, art and politics. Harlem Renaissance emerged in the early 20’s of the 20th century, during a period of serious political, social and economic upheavals in the African American community. There were several social and political factors which gave the basis for the raise of the African American culture. The end of the Civil War (1861-1865) created specific attitude towards African Americans. They gained new opportunities for development of their culture; they got access to the proper education, they got qualitatively new self esteem and self respect. They got equal rights guaranteed by the Declaration of the Independence which stated the basis of the American society, â€Å"all men are created equal†. The Great Migration gave hundreds of thousands black Americans an opportunity to move from the from an economically depressed rural South to industrial cities of the North to take advantages of the employment opportunities created by World War I. Harlem became the place of settlement for educated and socially conscious blacks. It developed into the political and cultural centre of the black Americans. â€Å"Equally important, during the 1910s a new political agenda advocating racial equality arose in the African American community, particularly in its growing middle class. Championing the agenda were black historian and sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which was founded in 1909 to advance the rights of blacks. This agenda was also reflected in the efforts of Jamaican-born black nationalist Marcus Garvey, whose â€Å"Back to Africa† movement inspired racial pride among blacks in the United States. † (Encarta, 2006). Harlem Renaissance was the most creative period in African-American cultural life which influenced greatly the entire American culture. It impacted the American culture, American social life and race relations in the United States. It was a period of flourishing of artistic expression and cultural activity. The interracial relations in the United States found their new manifestation during the Harlem Renaissance. The rise of the black culture would be impossible without the recognition of it by the representatives of the white American community. â€Å"White authors writing about African-Americans; white patrons and supporters of the Harlem Renaissance; white publishers, producers, and booking agents; white critics and promoters-these all influenced African-American culture for better or worse. A closely related subject is the interaction between blacks and whites: most often black artists reacting with white publishers, promoters, and critics; but also the more complex interaction between the black intelligentsia and black writers and white publishers and intellectuals. Both W. E. B. Du Bois and James Weldon Johnson were black civil rights leaders, novelists, and poets in their own right, and both published, promoted, and critiqued the work of black artists and writers. Carl Van Vechten, a white novelist, wrote a major Harlem novel of the period and also served as a patron and promoter of black literature, art, and music, and as a documenter of the Harlem Renaissance. † (Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman, 2004). During the 20’s Harlem became the center of the black culture rise. The unprecedented attention was attracted to Harlem due to its uniqueness as a world center of the black culture, culture being developed on the principles of freedom. The period of Harlem Renaissance came between the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862 and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. â€Å"The term â€Å"Renaissance† might be considered a misnomer for the Harlem Renaissance because it was more of a birth than a rebirth. Its artistic production was based upon a powerful sense of intense race consciousness and pride in black heritage and community. † (Patricia Flynn, 2006). It was impossible to promote the black culture before the period known as Harlem Renaissance. The American society had not got rid of the racial prejudices, segregation etc. Jim Crow laws created the obstacles for the full scale integration of the American blacks into the society and consequently stopped the cultural development of the African Americans. The Ku Klux Klan in the South promoted the racial segregation. The violent nature of the Ku Klux Klan and similar groups tried to renew the gloomy traditions of slavery. The legislation of the South differed greatly from that of North and Harlem of New York symbolized the freedom, an American dream for African Americans. Harlem of New York City became the area of accommodation for the African Americans moving from the South. â€Å"As Southern blacks moved into the area, a power struggle developed between white and black capital. Whites deserted Harlem and prices of property fell. Blacks bought up the properties. By the 1920’s, the two square mile area between Eighth Avenue (West) and Fifth Avenue(East), and 125th Street North to 145th Street held 200,000 blacks. † (Patricia Flynn, 2006). During the World War I black soldiers in Europe recognized the interest to the traditional black music jazz. They started realizing their African American cultural heritage. The war had created a demand for workers. The image of proud and independent â€Å"New Negro† in black community replaced the comic image of the plantation slave created by the white culture. One of the leading black philosophers who called African Americans to recognize the pride for their African heritage was Alain Locke. â€Å"Alain Locke was probably the foremost spokesman for artists and writers of the Harlem Renaissance. He was highly educated as a philosopher at Harvard University, and the first black American Rhodes Scholar (1907-1910). He chaired the Philosophy Department at Howard University. His theories of black art encouraged black artists to recognize and incorporate their African heritage within their work. He powerfully wrote and lectured that African artistic heritage was at the center of the black experience. African art had made a contribution to modern art in Europe, and it should have an even deeper and more historical meaning to black artists in America. Locke felt that black artists needed to be liberated, free to express their heritage. † (Patricia Flynn, 2006). Alain Locke organized the financial support of the African American artists. This financial support was one of the most controversial issues of Harlem Renaissance. On one hand the philosophic ideas of the black self identity as opposed to the white one was the core of the philosophy of Harlem Renaissance and on the other hand the financial aid came from the white philanthropists, who were the representatives of the white culture.

Marketing individual assinment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing individual assinment - Essay Example From a scan of various internet and other sources, the worldwide toothpaste industry is comprised by thousands of formulations and hundreds of brands. According to Oligopoly Watch, in the year 2000, the toothpaste industry in the U.S. alone was worth USD 1.3 billion with two leading brands owning sixty percent of the market. As in most industries, the toothpaste industry necessarily conducts market segmentation activities in order to provide focus for production, sales and marketing programs that will target specific market segments. Market segmentation helps ensure high returns for production, marketing and sales expenditures. The process of market segmentation identifies parts or portions of the market that can be differentiated from one another. Within a segment, members are supposed to have the same characteristics, which are different from the characteristics of members in other segments. With the identification of these characteristics, marketers are able to better satisfy the needs of prospective customers. Since different customers may have different needs, it is not always possible to satisfy all customers by treating them in the same way (NetMBA 2007). As part of the bigger oral care business, the toothpaste industry segments the market both in terms of mass marketing and target marketing. Simplified formulations are marketed as regular, as against special, toothpaste to serve the mass market, treating the market as a homogenous group which appreciates anyway, a teeth cleaning paste. This is the reason why almost all brands have a 'regular' formulation. Through mass marketing, economies of scale are realized because products which appeal to a mass market results in savings from mass production, mass distribution and mass communication (NetMBA 2007). Toothpaste manufacturers also employ target marketing, which is the reason for the wide variety of formulations for the products they carry. They recognize the diversity of customers and do not need to please everybody with the same offering. Consumer markets are segmented according to geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral characteristics of consumers. Some geographic variables are region, continent, country, state, neighborhood, size of metropolitan area, population density, climate and other variables (NetMBA 2007). Toothpaste manufacturers with international operations use geographic segmentation in developing formulations with local appeal as well as marketing and sales programs that will be appreciated by the target segment. In 2000, although Colgate was the market leader in India, it faced stiff competition from Hindustan Unilever and low-priced regional competitors like Anchor Healthcare and Ajanta India. To combat their low-priced competitors, Colgate revita lized its Colgate-Cibaca brand and Hindustan Unilever, its Aim brand. Colgate-Cibaca, which is not a brand that is marketed internationally, effectively garnered the top position in the low-price segment in India (Comstrat 2006). Demographic segmentation variables include age, gender, family size, family lifecycle, generation, income, occupation, education, ethnicity, nationality, religion, social class (NetMBA 2007). In terms of

Why I chose the engineering major Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I chose the engineering major - Essay Example antastic gifts such as cars and airplanes from my parents.I always had a deep affection of cars and airplanes as I thought that they were funy and they can move so much faster than human beings. On top of that, airplanes could also fly because they have wings. As I grew older, I realized that many things could be demystified by science hence my keen interest especially in engineering. Since middle school, I became more interested in computers. Whenever my father was fixing computers, I always carefully watched him. We own three sets of DIY computers and I helped him assemble one of the computers another day. I later assembled the third computer on my own and the feeling of this accomplishment was overwhelming and has since been inspirational. Through assembling computer parts, I learned a great deal of placements of the components and their uses. Since high school, I did voluntary service at MSKCC and Weill Cornell Medical College where I was introduced to different types of fascinating equipment like the confocal microscope, flow cytometry, PO2 measurement robots and so on. This experience aroused my keen interest in pursuing a career in the field of engineering. It is against this background that I would wish to apply for a place to study the College of Engineering at Cornell, which has a very fine reputation in the engineering community. Its engineering programs were recently ranked among the top seven in the nation, while its engineering physics program was ranked number one. My comprehensive curriculum at high school would help me prepare for the challenging courses that will be offered at Cornell. In junior year at Stuyvesant High School, I took AP BC Calculus, AP Physics B and right now I am taking AP physics C and AP chemistry. My average is a 4.0 and I also took SAT II physics and Math Level 2, which I got 760 and 800 respectively. All these academic achievements bear testimony in my self determination in pursuing an engineering career. Basically, I