morality vs. reality :: essays research papers

Morality vs. RealityThe story "Battle Royal" is the key in understanding and seeing the relationship between morality and reality. The characters in this story, namely the grandfather and his grandson, reveal to us their individuality, principles, morals, and ethics doing so they unfold a map that reveals their intellectual reality. Because their principals, morals and ethics reveal to us their mental reality, then their mental reality discloses the reality of the society in which they live in.      The young boys journey toward the light (truth) is started a long age ago. as yet in the beginning he is unable to get on the right course, due to the wrong advice he is given by different volume he says it as "All my life I was looking for something, and every were that I turned someone tried to tell me what it was. I accepted their answers too, though they were often in contradiction" (448). Each time that he accepts their advice he is little by little pushed off the right track. It is not until he realizes that he is searching for himself, and instead of asking others questions, he needs to ask the questions to himself. Once he discovers whom to turn to, he begins a long and difficult journey in which he realizes that he is a unique somebody, he puts it as, "I am nobody only when myself."(449). This means that he is unique and he is who he is, black. However before he comes to this enlightenment he discovers that he is an "invisible man"(449). He marks himself invisible because in the society in which a person is unheard and unseen by others is invisible.     At that point the boys problem is clear. He is a black boy in a ashen mens world, in which he is not seen or heard. Yet he still does not know what to do about it, well at-least not until he hears his grandfathers words to his father           Son, after Im gone I want you to keep up a good fight. I never told you, but your life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemys country ever since I give up my gun back in the Reconstruction. Live with your head in the lions mouth. I want you to overcomeem with yeses, undermineem with grins, agreeem to death and destruction, letem swoller you till they vomit or transgress wide open Learn it to the younguns(449)

Introduction To Hard Times :: essays research papers

The shortest of Dickens novels, Hard Times, was also, until quite recently, the least regarded of them. The comedy is savagely and scorn generousy sardonic, to the practical(prenominal) exclusion of the humour - that delighted apprehension of and rejoicing in idiosyncrasy and absurdity for their own sakes, which often cuts right across moral considerations and which we normally occupy for granted in Dickens. Then, too, the novel is curiously skeletal. There are four separate plots, or at least four separate centres of interest the re-education done suffering of Mr. Gradgrind, the exposure of Bounderby, the life and death of Stephen Blackpool, and the story of Sissy Jupe.There are present, in other words, all the potentialities of an expansive, discursive novel in the full Dickens manner. But they are not and could not be realised because of the limitation of length Dickens imposed upon himself. The novel was written as a weekly serial story to run through five months of his magaz ine, Household Words, during 1854. Dickens had to force his story to fit the exigencies of a Procrustean bed and, in doing so, sacrificed the abundance of life characteristic of his genius.That, at any rate, was the general view of Hard Times until in 1948 F.R. Leavis, in his book The Great Tradition, suggested that it was a "moral fable," the certification of a moral fable being that "the intention is peculiarly insistent, so that the representative significance of everything in the fable - character, episode, and so on - is immediately manifest as we read."By seeing it as a moral fable, Dr. Leavis produced a brilliant rereading of Hard Times that has changed almost every critics approach to the novel. Yet a difficulty still remains the nature of the target of Dickens satire. Both Gradgrind and Bounderby are emblematic, to the point of caricature, of representative early-nineteenth-century attitudes. Dickens tells us that Gradgrind has "an unbending, utilitar ian, matter-of-fact face" and the novel has been interpreted as an attack on the philosophical doctrine known as utilitarianism, the doctrine that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding article of belief of conduct. But utilitarianism can also mean the doctrine that utility must be the standard of what is good for man. Perhaps the two meanings come together in the famous Victorian phrase, "enlightened self-interest," the meaning of which will turn entirely upon the definition of "enlightened." Utilitarianism in the philosophical sense, as taught by the noble-minded John Stuart Mill, has had a profound and abiding influence on Western life and thought, and Dickens was certainly not competent to criticise it as a philosophical system.

Super-duper Teddy :: essays research papers

Wendy Abram February 9, 2000 Book Report (about aboy character) Title Super-Duper parapraxis Author JohannaHurwitz Setting The story takes place in Teddysneighborhood, Teddys apartment, and in Anitas house.Main Character The main character is Teddy. SupportingCharacters There are many supporting characters. They areTeddys mom his sister, Nora his neighbor, Anita hisfriend, Bryan his capsize, Mr. Hush and Anitas cat,Cassandra. Favorite Character My favorite character isTeddy because he always has his Super-Duper Cape. He isusu exclusivelyy shy except when he is wearing his cape. SummaryTeddy is a shy five year old boy who lives in an apartment.His sister, Nora is never shy. Teddy trounces invited to Bryansbirthday companionship but Teddy doesnt want to go. His momforces him to go and he ends up being the only other guest.After that, his mom goes to a wedding. His nanna andgrandpa visit for two nights. Teddy and Nora didnt like thebreakfast their grandparents made and they were b ored.When his mom came back, Teddy had to baby sit hisneighbor Anitas cat, Cassandra. He would get paid money.Cassandra makes a big mess but Teddy washes the mess upwith his cape. One day Teddy was very anxious to get a pet.When he and his mom were driving, Teddy saw a pet shopand they went in. Teddy spotted the perfect pet and theybought him. The pet was a turtle and Teddy named him Mr.Hush because he was so quiet. The next day, his substituteteacher said they were going to take a long walk because itwas a pretty day. When they were halfway done, Jerrythe fruit store keeper was blocking their way. Teddy sawfruit that looked like tiny oranges. Jerry said they were calledkumquats. Teddys apartment was justly across the streetfrom Jerrys store, so they went into his apartment. Whenthey went into the elevator, it got stuck. There was a redbutton that Teddy always wanted to push, and he finally gotto push it. When they all got to Teddys room, they atecookies and milk. The next day at school, Teddy was sohappy that he put his cape in the dress-up box.

College Admissions Essay: The Power of the Mind and Spirit

The Power of the Mind and Spirit   Confucius comp atomic number 18s training to the sculpting of marble. He said, Just as the sculptor is to the marble, so is education to the soul. It releases it. For only educated men are free men. I see college as an irreplaceable time in my life when I can begin my journey to find the freedom that Confucius so eloquently describes. While in college, I want my education to bring me face to face with the awesome power of the human spirit and the human foreland working together to achieve the beautiful and the revolutionary.   I believe that there is no nobler purpose than the endeavor to find freedom, and having said this, I want my college education to be more than an attempt to earn a degree. It is my hope that because of college I will realize...

Examine the practical and the morale constraints upon Jewish Resistance

Judaic resistance throughout the holocaust has caused much indicate among academics historians, and even governments. Historians conclude that resistance was practical and morally constrained throughout the Second World War, for a variety of reasons. Historians such as Rab Bennett, Michael Marrus, Richard L Rubenstein, and rear end K Roth all have written in detail about the constraints placed upon Judaic resistance throughout this period. Each of these explanations will be examined throughout this paper. Furthermore, this paper will discuss examples of Jewish resistance during the holocaust, while applying the theories of each historian to explain in detail about the morale and practical constraints in spite of appearance Jewish resistance. Three main theories have been put forward to establish and explain how Jewish resistance was so constrained. Firstly, the national socialist army was attacking an extempore and unarmed population, who were taken by complete surprise during the final solution. Secondly, the national socialist army used brutal and cruel warfare methods upon the Jewish population to fully go through the holocaust. Finally Jewish resistance was met by such massive repercussions by the Nazi army, which ultimately created fear among each community to obey the rule of Nazi government. The Nazi government secured a total fascist state in 1934 and had implemented the final solution in 1940. The final solution was to systematically get down the European Jewish population with unspeakable horrors, which included gassing, executions, malnutrition, and grotesque medical experiments. Despite these conditions, Jews in both assiduity camps and in the ghettoes tried to resist the Nazi army. However, explained by historian Rab Bennett the Nazi army had practically constrained Jewish resistance through a policy called collective responsibility. The aim of this policy was to create a sense of insecurity among the European Jewish population. For exam ple the Nazi army had started to deport Jews in Vilna to a nearby concentration camp. Some Jews escaped and joined a resistance movement in a neighboring village. What happened next was typical of the policy called collective responsibility. The Jewish resistance group obtained a few weapons, and clashed with the Nazi army outside the city. Most of the Jews were immediately captured and killed instantly. In retaliation for the resistance, the local arm... ...hroughout Europe and many Jewish people fought unarmed against Nazi genocide. The Jewish population faced an enemy that practiced total warfare against them. The Nazi army was able to efficiently scour out more than six million Jewish people, while practically and morally constraining Jewish resistance throughout the Second World War. Bibliography make MaterialsRab Bennett, Under the Shadow of the Swastika The Moral Dilemmas of Resistance and Collaboration in Hitlers Europe, New York University Press. 1999. Frank McDonough, Op position and Resistance in Nazi Germany 1933-1945, Cambridge University Press Michael R. Marrus, The Holocaust in bill, Key Porter Books Ltd. 2000Randall C. Byterk, Bending Spines The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Michigan State University Press. 2004Internet resourcesAuthor Unknown, Map taken from Google Website, www.googleimages.co.uk The Holocaust History Project Homepage www.holocaust-history.org/Holocaust Timeline Resistance fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/resist.htm -Holocaust Understanding- Jewish Resistance by A. Kimel www.kimel.net/resistance.html

Graduation Speech: Prime Time :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The age of reality TV has arrived. Theres a different exhibition on each night of the week. And I hate to admit it, but once you get started on a series, it becomes pretty addictive. They should have a disclaimer when they roll the impute or something. Now dont deny it, I know youve both fallen into the trap, too. You promise yourself youre only going to watch for ten minutes to see what all the craze is about, and 45 minutes later youre still watching, but wondering why you just wasted your time. That happened to me when Married By America came out. I frankly think that was one of the worst reality shows yet I didnt watch it religiously, but there were a few episodes that I got suckered into. So which show is your favored? Lets take a look at our TV Guide. ... Its Monday night. You just got home from practice and finished dinner. Its 800, so... naturally you turn on the TV to extend 5, because its time for Fear Factor. We all could have been on an episode of Fear Factor. Four years ago we entered these halls as fearful freshmen. What were we afraid of? The typical rumors get stuffed in a trash can or taped to the flagpole, or maybe getting lost in this huge campus, which we could now find our steering around blindfolded. From watching Fear Factor, weve learned that eating maggots and sheep eyeballs on a pizza wont scratch off you. Apparently, living off of cafeteria food for four years wont kill you either. Weve been fearful of finals and failing our CEs, but we made it. All of us here tonight have conquered those fears. Hey, we may not walk away with $50,000, but hopefully a diploma will get us where we want to go. So its Tuesday night and you just finished your homework. You need to relax, so you flip the TV on to channel 13 just in time to catch American Idol. You listen to the music and wait for your favorite budding rock star to perform. When the show is over, you cast your vote along with 24 million other Americans who want their own voice to b e heard. Now theres a lesson here for all of us, Grads. It would wait that the American population gets more excited about voting after watching an hour of American Idol than they do about voting for President.

Graduation Speech: Prime Time :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The age of reality TV has arrived. Theres a different show on every night of the week. And I shun to admit it, but once you get started on a series, it becomes pretty addictive. They should have a disclaimer when they roll the credits or something. Now dont forswear it, I know youve exclusively fallen into the trap, too. You promise yourself youre only going to watch for ten minutes to see what all the craze is about, and 45 minutes later youre still watching, but wondering why you plainly wasted your time. That happened to me when Married By America came out. I honestly think that was one of the mop up reality shows yet I didnt watch it religiously, but there were a few episodes that I got suckered into. So which show is your favorite? Lets take a assure at our TV Guide. ... Its Monday night. You just got home from practice and finished dinner. Its 800, so... naturally you turn on the TV to channel 5, because its time for worry Factor. We all could have been on an episode o f Fear Factor. Four years ago we entered these halls as fearful freshmen. What were we afraid of? The typical rumors getting stuffed in a deoxyephedrine can or taped to the flagpole, or maybe getting lost in this huge campus, which we could now find our way around blindfolded. From watching Fear Factor, weve learned that eating maggots and sheep eyeballs on a pizza wont kill you. Apparently, living off of cafeteria food for four years wont kill you either. Weve been fearful of finals and failing our CEs, but we made it. All of us here tonight have conquered those fears. Hey, we may not walk away with $50,000, but hopefully a diploma leave get us where we want to go. So its Tuesday night and you just finished your homework. You need to relax, so you flip the TV on to channel 13 just in time to catch American Idol. You listen to the music and wait for your favorite budding rock star to perform. When the show is over, you cast your vote on with 24 million other Americans who want th eir own voice to be heard. Now theres a lesson here for all of us, Grads. It would seem that the American population gets more than excited about voting after watching an hour of American Idol than they do about voting for President.

Killing the Black Body †Summary Essay

Control of reproductive decisions of bootleg women is a highly prevalent a form of racial oppression in the States. Due to this form of control, the meaning of reproductive liberty in America has been significantly altered. These issues are addressed in Dorothy Roberts Killing the Black Body. The novel demonstrates the representation in which black women were consistently devalued as a in any casel for reproductive means, which in itself was a form of racial oppression. The novel also provides the reader with insight as to how experiences of black women since times of slavery have drastically changed the present daytime con nonation of reproductive freedom.Robert argues that throughout American history, the reproductive susceptibility of black women has been used against them constantly as a means of racial oppression, control, and devaluation. Since the times of slavery, the institution of black motherhood has been minimized and disgraced. For instance, black women were force d to grow gravid. They faced the threat of sterilization through coercion. Black women were vigorously implanted with Norplant, denied welfare because of their bringing up, and were imprisoned due to reproductive choices.Their electric razorren were taken away and sold to diverse slave-owners. During the times of slavery, black women were sexually exploited for reproductive reasons and in order to oppress and humiliate the black community. Roberts discusses in Killing the Black Body after Emancipation, the Ku Klux Klans terror included the fumble of Black women, as well as the much commonly cited lynching of Black men. White sexual forcefulness attacked not only freed Black mens masculinity by challenging their ability to protect Black women it also invaded freed Black womens normal over their own bodies (pg. 1).This form of sexual exploitation of black women by white men intimated ulterior motives beside slave breeding. The employment of sexual exploitation of black women by white men as a weapon of fear was a method for whites to strengthen control over human property. Victims of rape and other forms of sexual harassment became more vulnerable and susceptible toward psychological and emotional control by whites due to severe mental and physical ramifications. knowledgeable harassment was a means of forcing blacks into submission this tactic created a somewhat obedient abor force. Besides these motives, black women were denigrated through use of their reproductive capacity as a form of slave breeding. During the times of slavery, black women were forcefully impregnated both in order to maintain the institution of slavery and as an economic fillip for white slave owners to control the reproductive lives of black women. A black womans child was considered the property of her slave owner from the moment of conception. This headstone feature in the institution of slavery gave whites the ultimate power of repression against blacks in America.Despite thi s fact, black women fought back. They took initiatives such as self-induced miscarriage in order to not bear a child. Unfortunately, these women were punished for taking such initiatives however, they were reprimanded for the wrong reasons. As Robert demonstrates Indictment further alleged that on December 11, so that she might more speedily kill and murder said Angeline, she wrapped the baby in bedclothes and then choked, suffocated and smothered her.Historian and former federal judge A. Leon Higginbotham, jr. , asks two important questions about this case. First, he questions Missouris purpose in convicting Jane for murder Did the state prosecute because it cared about the dignity and life of a child born into lifetime slavery with the concomitant disadvantages of Missouris law? Or did the state prosecute because Janes master was denied the profit that he would have someday earned from the sale or exploitation of Angeline? pg. 49). This illustrates that white men devalued black w omen by not only using them as a source of reproductive means but also by dehumanizing their black children as the courts convicted these mothers in order to protect whites financial stake in the children, but not out of respect for the children themselves. Hence, black women were an economic resource for whites, utilized for sustaining slavery and significantly devalued as well as objectified.Salters (2013) states in her article a recent event where a doctor was accused of illegally videotaping and photographing over hundreds of patients mostly women of color during their medical procedures in John Hopkins tocopherol Baltimore Medical Center, which serves low-in lessen African-American women. This scenario is an ultimate example of the continuation of a long history of dehumanization as well as objectification of Black women as their au naturel(predicate) and vulnerable bodies were recorded without their consent.Robert further argues for an idea of reproductive liberty that ide ntifies race as an important reproductive rights issue. She states that the experiences of Black women since slavery has shaped the present day interpretation of reproductive freedom. Roberts book, along with the content we have discussed in class, has given me a more eye-opening understanding of the racism that still exists in America currently. A concept that reoccurs today since slavery is the idea that whites have defined the notion of woman and fetus.A Black womens main value as a slave was to produce offspring, which is producing more slaves for the whites. If the pregnant slaves fought or rebelled against the demands of their owners, they were punished without harming the economically profitable fetus inside the slave. Robert notifies Williams recounted the beating of pregnant slave women on a Mississippi cotton plantation Is seen nigger women dat was fixin to be confined do somethin de white folks didnt like.Dey the white folks would dig a hole in de ground just big nuff fo her stomach, make her lie face down an whip her on de back to keep from hurtin de child (pg. 31). From the start, these form of acts performed by the white owners marked Black women as objects whose decisions about reproduction were subjected to social regulation rather than to their own will. Furthermore, by punishing these pregnant slaves, whites implied the message to these women that they were nowhere nearly as valuable as the unborn child that they were carrying.This concept demonstrates the existence of racism in todays indian lodge as it is repeated through accounts of Black women being forced into cesarean sections, prenatal care and other medical treatment for the good of the fetus, because the women are considered too selfish or illiterate to choose for themselves. This is also witnessed when pregnant Black woman are imprisoned for smoking crack and only cases regarding crack smokers are aimed at due to racist intentions, while ignoring the utilization of other drugs. The se women have their babies taken away from their care and forced into crowded foster homes.They are much sent to jail while pregnant for the betterment of the fetus and are forcefully implanted with Norplant as a condition of probation, regardless of all the complications that come with carrying on such an implant. Moreover, welfare is seen as only for white women and Black women were to blame for having children they knew they could not afford to raise. Women of color are consistently punished for their decisions regarding procreation even today, as charges are dropped if these women, who smoked cracked during pregnancy decided to abort.

Report on Importance of Communication in Tourism Industry

TOURISM AS COMMUNICATION THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN TOURISM Ms. Neena Gupta V. interrogation Scholar, Dept. ofEnglish , Univ. Of Jammu, Jammu-180006 Emailemailprotected com Ph unmatchable 9796491314 Introduction Tourism is angiotensin converting enzyme of the most remarkable success stories of modern prison terms. The constancy, which only began on a massive home in the 1960s, has grown rapidly and steadily for the past 30 years in terms of the income it generates and the number of people who travel abroad. Tourism is the largest service firmament in India. Tourism contributes 6. 23% to the national GDP Tourism generates 8. 8% of the total employment in India . India is to be a Tourism hotspot from 2009 to 2011. (This info is available on Indian Tourism Website). It has proved to be resilient in times of economic crisis and get out continue to grow at a rapid pace of almost 4% a year in the 21stcentury. According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization) forecasts, more than 700 million people will be travelling internation on the wholey by the year 2000, generating more than US $620 billion earning. But what is Tourism? It is distinguished to understand Tourism as a notion as well as a phenomenon .It is not enough to treat Tourism as an industry and keep conducting research to increase earns. This industry is trade aspects of a country or a region for profit. This implies that one invites visitors to access a fibre of ones home or neighbourhood. This bunsnot be dismissed as mere business. Tourism, thitherfore, is an extremely complex endeavour. Not only ar huge amount of money at stake, it is in addition providing economic incentives for defend the natural environment, restoring cultural monuments, and preserving nature.In a small but important way, Tourism is contributing to the understanding among peoples of very different backgrounds. But above all, it performs the business of providing a break from stress of routine and fulfilling dreams of le isure travelling. C one timept Of Tourism The dictionarydefines tourism astravelling for pleasure and a tourist as one who travels for pleasure. Some definitions attempt to define Tourism in conceptual terms. These provide a theoretic framework in order to indentify the essential characteristics of tourism and what distinguishes it from similar, sometimes related, but different activities.Tourism is the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in these destinations and the facilities created to cater to their needs. Thus Tourism cannotbe case-hardened deal any other industry. TheTwentieth century changed the human forever. Technological advances translated into rapid strides in development in all fieldseconomic, political, social, arts and culture. Travelling, for profit or pleasure, came out of its exclusivity and became more routine.In the feudal world only the Aristocracy would embark on a Grand Tour of the Continent or a Voyage around the world. A more equal and prosperous population led the world towards this complex phenomenon we call Tourism. Inits simplest form it is travel to new-made lands the stimulate of the exotic in the unfamiliar an attempt to educate ones selfor simply immerse ones self in the joys of travel. The space of a ascorbic acid years between the twentieth century and the twenty-first has changed tourism from travel to a form of social activity.Rapid strides in knowledge about different, and little know parts of the world and their cultures has revolutionized the concept of tourism. The conceptual framework of human Thought has undergone some(prenominal) transformations and the new world is an amalgam of a considerable number of worlds organize out of disparate thoughts. Right from the onset of the last century the world has been searched and researched as a set of separate but related structures.The smug and contented divisions of nation, religion and God of the earth and its resources of the space surrounding humans broke down in an acknowledgement that all these are a common hereditary pattern of all. Intellectual movements that developed in France in the 1950s and 1960s analysed human culturesemiotically. They are concerned with the analysis of nomenclature,culture, andsociety. The structuralist mode of reasoning has been applied in a diverse range of fields, includinganthropology,sociology,psychology,literary-criticismandarchitecture.Post-structuralism emphasizes the ways in which different aspects of a cultural order, from its most banal material details to its most abstract theoretical exponents, determine one another. These philosophiesinclude many, widely varying disciplines into a synthetic view of knowledge and its relationship to experience, the body, society and economy a synthesis in which these are a part. Social theorists such asanthropologistandethnographerClaude Levi-Strauss,Marshall Sa hlins,James BoonandPierre Bourdieuhave analysed human culture and society as a system of structures that need to be studied and analysed.The Postmodern philosophy and other related philosophiessuch as a structural and scientific approach to all human activities like marriage, cultural pass judgments, religious beliefs, social conventions, art and traditions of peoples of the worldis a movement away from the viewpoint ofmodernism. More specifically it is a proclivity in contemporary culture characterized by the problem ofobjective truthand inherent suspicion towardsglobal cultural narrative or meta-narrative.It involves the belief that many, if not all, apparent realities are only social constructs, as they are subject to change inherent to time and place. It emphasizes the role of language, power relations, and motivations in particular it attacks the function of sharp classifications that are absolute and rigid, rather, it holds realities to be plural and relative, and dependent on who the interested parties are and what their interests consist in. With so much thought being generated in a cross-cultural, globalised scene, the concept of tourism has become a many-layered complex of subject matters.Tourism has become the subject of much research. In orbicular Tourism,Davidson contends that tourism is not an industry at all. Tourism should not be viewed as a product activity or product but as a social phenomenon, an experience or a process. Recent research on tourism postulates that there are three approaches in defining Tourismtechnical, economical and holistic. The first attempts to collect data by identifying tourists the second treats Tourism as a business and industry. Holistic approach or definition attempts to include the entire essence of the subject.GMS Dann treats Tourism as a sociological process, an art of promotion, with a discourse of its own. The language of Tourism has its own essence. Tourism as Communication The social aspect of tourism e nhances its value as a communicative process becauseTourism is an industry with a difference. There is an undeniable exchange between places and people. This exchange is what is meant by intercourse. Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines.Several, if not all, fields of study pass on a portion of attention to communication widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the different parameters of human symbolic interaction. Communicationis the activity of conveyinginformation. Communicationrequires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the manslayer need not be present or aware of the senders intent to communicate at the time of communication thus communication can top across vast distances in time and space.Communication requires that the communicating p arties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the sender. Thus, communication is a two- way process. The interaction of the tourist with the places he visits and the people he meets is therefore, a form of communication in which both the visitor and the visited form a communication cycle. A considerable amount of weightage is given to the power of impressions on the mind of a person living in the twenty-first century.One of the most important aspects of Tourism is the communication of the impressions created in the minds of tourists. These include non- literal aspects sights and sounds communicate a general impression and the verbal aspect of communication language plays an important role in creating impressions. In the field of Tourism, communication, both non-verbal and verbal, can play a vital role in the promotion and profitability of this socio-economic process. THELANGUAGE OF TOURISM The third part of the paper deals with the language of tourism and its relevance to tourism in India.The International standard for Travel and Tourism, as recommended by the Ottawa Conference and adopted by UNStatisticalCommittee , proposedleisure, recreation and holidays visiting friends and relatives business and professional health treatment religion/ pilgrimage historic other (transit etc. ),as tourist activities. The spheric Tourist in India seeksnovelty, history,knowledge, retreat, shopping,medical expertise, and the endless variety of Indian culture Every field has its languagethe language of music, of artso does Tourism.The language of Tourism, however, exists of the non- verbal and verbal aspects of Tourism. Non- vocal Communication And Tourism Nonverbal communicationdescribes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages such asgesture,body languageorposturefacial expressionand eye contact object communication such asclothing,hairstyles,architecture,symbolsandinfogra phics, as well as through with(predicate) an nub of the above. Non-verbal communication is also called silent language and plays a key role in human day to day life from habits to etiquettes to civic sense and good attitude.Visual communicationis the tape transport of ideas and information through creation of visual representations. Primarily associated withtwo dimensionalimages, it includessigns,typography,drawing,graphic design,illustration, colours, and electronic resources, video and TV. Canadian media scholarHarold Innishad the speculation that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society.His famous example of this is utiliseancient Egyptand looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called Space Binding. It made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires a nd enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and Time Binding, through the construction of temples and the pyramids thatcan sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society.This is an instance of Historical Tourism as well as visual and non-verbal communication. There are several examples of non-verbal and visual signs in the context of Tourism. These include historical monuments, places of interest, scenery, national parks, rivers, forests etc. Indian Tourism offers an endless variety in all these. But our historical edifices silently communicate our inability to treasure ourcontroversial history, and our indifference towards the proud preservation of our cultural heritage, through the defacement of our historical structures by both, the public and the government.Keeping these points in mind one only has tolook around oneself to see what kind of non-ve rbal language we are using to woo our Touristfilth on roads, corruptive toilets, rape of foreign tourists, over-pricing of souvenirs, cheating, shabby treatment of women and the elderly, throwing water over balconies, or garbage in the handiest corner, the list of thenon-verbal images India communicates to the world through the tourists is not always what one wishes to project or convey. First we have to improve our non- verbal and visual signals then our verbal skills.The sensitive advertisements made by Incredible India are a very good step in this direction. The DevoAtithiBhavo campaign is trying to sensitise the Indian public to view their actions and understand how they can appear to the outsiders or to Tourists. Verbal communicationis related to rowing and does not synonym for verbal or spoken message. Therefore, vocal voices that are not rowing, such as a mumble, or singing a wordless note, are nonverbal. Sign languages and writing are normally known as verbal communicatio n.Nonverbal communication can be through with(p) by anysensorychannel like with the help of sight, hear, smell, feel or taste. The forms ofverbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language. Verbal aspects of language are panoptical or Written and Audible or Spoken,Speech also contains nonverbal elements known asparalanguage. These include voice quality, emotion and speaking style as well as prosodic features such asrhythm,intonationandstress. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use ofemoticonsto convey emotional expressions in pictorial form.Oral communication,while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, typically relies on words, visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of the meaning. Oral communication includes discussion, speeches, presentations, interpersonal communication and many other varieties. In face to face communication thebody languageand voice tonality plays a significant role and may have a greater impact on the listener than the intended content of the spoken words. Spoken Language contains elements likeaudibilityandcomprehensibility.Comprehensibility lies in the correctmodulation,accent,intonation,vocabulary,grammar. Visible verbal Languagerefers tobill boards,sign boards,pamphlets/leaflets,menus in restaurants,magazines, bookstourist guide-books, literary booksHere also bad printing, violate spelling and shoddily translated works convey to Tourists the impression of a badly educated and unaware India. Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process enablescollaborationandcooperation.Language is the most natural link between humans today. The variety of languages in the world makes verbal communication a challenge. The development of English, Spanish and Chinese as the language of a major(ip) segment of the global population is a vig orous development. A common, communicative language is required to enhance tourism Verbal Language and Indian Culture. There are many Indias within India. Linguistic individualism is an integral part of Indian-ness and culture. Indian history, literature, learning, medicine, religion and spiritual knowledge is a priceless heritage preserved in hundreds of languages.Languagein India is a many-splendoured thingthere are several classes ofIndian languages classical, regional,dialect,official,national. Since communication requires adeptness in languageboth, national and international, Indian Tourism must pay attention to the socio-cultural-lingual aspect of India. salutary as one pays attention to the non- verbal communication that Indians may convey to Tourists, it is important to ensure that the verbal communication of India and its public is impressive and Tourist-friendly.The language of any country or region is an indicator of the nature and complexity of its culture. The offici al languages of the country as well as of the states must be communicated to the Tourist in a befitting manner. This means that English and Hindi, and regional languages must be promoted and encouraged. This sounds simple but is a very tricky issue. With the emphasis on science and professionalsubjects, language studies has been neglectedstudents and universities, both have letthe standard of language slide.Consequently, English, while preferred by the majority of young Indians, remains a difficult language to master, and native languages suffer due to indifference and the contempt of the familiar. Moreover, these languages do not seem to offer any avenues of advancement, as there are not many profitable careers in regional or rural languages. The Tourism sector can benefit enormously, at the same time it can reviveinterestin learning languages among the youth. It can, and should work towards raising the standard of language in the Tourism sector.It can do this in two major ways. Fi rst, it must engage persons with good language ability in English, Hindi along with one or more regional languages. Second, it must invest time and money in Training. Language Trainingin India is multi facetedand involves the consideration of two vital issuesIndian Languages and Indian Heritage. The language Usersemployees atinformation desks, response centers,booking centres should have a high level of communication skills.The personnel working in the Tourist areas must be well-versed in the historical, geographical. cultural and socio-economic importee of the area they operate from. Tourist Guidesare a very visible face of tourism. A great presenter must capture the attention of the earreach and connect with them. The audience or tourists should have a positive impact with his/her body language and tone of voice. Visual aid can help to assist effective communication and is almost always used in presentations for an audience.Here, the use of English, Hindi and of the local lang uage is an important factor in making the experience a good means of communication between India and the Tourist. A widely cited and widely misinterpreted figure used to emphasize the importance of delivery states that communication comprise 55% body language, 38% tone of voice, 7% content of words, the so-called 7%-38%-55% rule. This is not, however, what the cited research shows rather, when conveyingemotion,if body language, tone of voice, and wordsdisagree,then body language and tone of voice will be believed more than words.A Guide who does not know the history and significance of the tourist particular he is presenting would spoil the pleasure of the experience for the Tourist. If he knows and cannot communicate either due to poor communication skills or incomprehensible accent the whole suffice is rendered futile. Since the Guide represents, both, the tourism sector and the country and society of the visited, the poor performance of the Guide communicates a certain impress ion detrimental to the image of the country or state.At this point, an illustration of the use of Urdu in the Tourism of Jammu and Kashmir may add weight to the argument. If the personnel of the Tourist Department have proficiency in English, Hindi, and Dogri, Urdu or Ladakhi, the temples of Jammu, the monuments of the Mughals and the staring(a) mountains of Ladakh would come alive for any Tourist and remind him forever of the richness, big-heartedness and timelessness of India. On the other hand, ignorant, and bad speakers may create the impression that a once great people have become an apology of a nation.Recommendations for making tourism more successful Make non-verbal signs of communication strong, correct and positive in their impact. People associated with the tourism industry must understand the vital role of language. Language is one of the most important tools in their work -kit The attitude of the industry towards the language-ability of their policy-makers, executives and field-level workers should not be indifferent Training in Languages must be stringent Special hubs must be created for teaching language skill ConclusionLanguage is a vital indicator of the level of any civilization. The level of the proficiency in language highlights culture of the people. Skill in the local, regional, national and an international language is the Brahamastra that will provide the cutting edge to successful Tourism SELECTBIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Burkart, AJ and Medlik, S. Tourism Past, Present and Future. London Heinemann, 1974. 2. Conrady, Roland and Buck, Martin, ed. Trends and Issues in Global Tourism . Berlin Springer, c2008. 3. Dann, Graham M. S. Global Tourism. upstart York CABI Pub. , 2008. 4.Dann, Graham M. S. The Language of Tourist A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Wallingford, Oxon, UK CABI Pub. , 1996 5. Dann, Graham M. S. Tourist as a Metaphor of the Social World. New York CABI Pub. , 2002 6. Leed, J. Eric. The Mind of the Traveler From Gilgamesh to Global T ourism. NY Basic Books, 1991. 7. Meethan, Kevin. Tourism in Global Society Place, Culture, Consumption. New York Palgrave, 2001 8. Roudinesco, Elisabeth. Philosophy in Turbulent Times Canguilhem, Sartre, Foucault, Althusser, Deleuze, Derrida. New York Columbia University Press, 2008

Good Communicator Hca

Are you a nice communicator? HCA 230 Are you a good communicator? Effective communication is vital in the healthcare workplace. The welfare of others is the fundamental concentrate on and effective communication between colleagues back end make the differencein the quality and consistency of care that is delivered to patients. Many people to consider themselves to be good communicators Identifying what the effective communication process is helps to make that determination. According to Cheesebro, OConner, Rios,2010, effective communication is the process of sending and receiving messages. This means that a good communicator would be effective in both listening and responding appropriately. So, in order to establish a successful exchange of information is helpful to distinguish between the various types of communication. Focusing on verbal and non verbal communication we will examine communication and how it relates to the medical field. In the health care industry interpersonal relationships with patients and coworkers are essential in the quality of service that is provided.Communication is vital to the development as well as the maintenance of all interpersonal relationships. In health care, the constant interaction with the patients, their families and co-workers of contrastive race, ethnic background, gender, and religious beliefs require diversity from its employees. Using communication to build interpersonal relationships builds a trust and understanding between co-workers and patients. Thus patients feel more at ease discussing their ailments and receiving professional feedback.Effective communication results in more positive outcomes,such as increased productivity and proficiency,better relationships, as well as improved workplace morale. On the other hand, poor and ineffective communication reachs conflict, takes up time and additional resources. Eventually, it will negativelyaffect organization overall. demonstrative of(predicate) communicatio n is able to express further understanding and encourage communication with those around you. Defensive communication on he other hand, can cause the other person to be on edge, feeling threatened, and anxious. When the communication between two parties turn into a defensive situation they are less believably to see the value in the message. The use of empathy is a vital tool when attempting to establish rapportwith a patient or co-worker and building trust. The diagnose to demonstrating empathy is to use active listening. In this method, the receiver checks message with the sender to make accredited they understand what is begin said as a way to crystalize the information given.In the medical filed assertiveness is expressed through communication by creation expressive of thoughts,feelings, and needswithout being aggressive and having presence on another(prenominal) person. The purpose is to improve the communication processinstead of allowing aggression to create conflict and a hostile environment. In the medical field around of this can be avoided by refraining from using aggressive or sarcastic tones and body language which could give the receiver the wrong impression of the sender and the message being sent. The use of I statements and good body language can assist in the process.Films Media Group. (2007). Communicating with aged care colleagues H. 264 By including yourself and explaining way that can be helpful, the environment for open dialog is developed. Upon a self assessment of my own interpersonal relationships and skills, I discovered I am in need of whatever improvement. One element that particularly stood out to me was the inconsistence of verbal and nonverbal communication. When speaking to new people or on a topic in which I may not be as well informed on I have the tendency to fidget and use little eye contact.Although I may be paying full attention or taking notes my nonverbal communication can be misinterpreted into lack of interest, boredom, or in whatever cultures just plain disrespect. As a result of knowing this I can make sure that I am prepared by doing some extra research on the topic if possible to increase my comfort lever when speaking on it. I can also make sure that my personal appearance,posture, gestures, and mannerisms,facial expression, eye contact and personal space is appropriate and consistent for the delivery of the message I am trying to send.Just as more others I considered self to be a good communicator and saw where I could make the improvements o that I can be more effective in my professional and personal life. References 1. Cheesebro, T. , OConner, L. , & Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the Workplace. Prentice Hall. 2. Films Media Group. (2007). Communicating with aged care colleagues H. 264 * Taken From http//digital. films. com/PortalPlaylists. aspx? aid=7967&xtid=40257

Impact of Culture in International Marketing Essay

IntroductionThe world is made of nations and people who share different values, tradition, langu suppurates and geographic territories. These diversities, also known as glossiness, comport proven to be the norm that binds or separates them. Carlson and Blodgett (1997) explain culture as different ways, sets of manners and customs that are unique to a society or a group of people. Cultural issues encompass the elements of norms, traditions, materialistic and spiritual of a group of people (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). Understanding culture is possible only through homo activities and how they act as individuals or members of a group (Coulter, 2010). As barteres enter multinational marketplace place, cultural diversity plays a major role in formulating transnational market strategies. They need to consider differences in national cultures, subcultures and how individuals in such cultures interact with each other and outsiders. This is due to the fact that culture is the main factor out that contribute to todays major conflict aside of material resources and negotiable interests (Avruch, 2002). The diverse cultures tendencies always give rise to ethical issues as hotshot cultural belief may not be the norm or acceptable behaviors for another. The failure to take cultural differences between countries into account has been the typesetters case of many business failures (Ricks, 1993). The purpose of this paper is to showcase instances where cultural issues that were misunderstood proved to be blunders for international marketing strategies for companies involved. It also addresses how cultural risk is as all important(p) as political and commercial risk. Finally, cultural reactions during meeting introduction in south Asian countries are assessed, and Jack Daniels Whiskey possible marketing strategies in China are explored.merchandising Blunders CasesWith the onset of globalization, the strategies use by multinational businesses to expand are changing . Today, companies must thread between thin lines in their desire to understand how their products are received around the world and the underlying impact they suck up on local perceptions. Through international marketing, this vision mountain be achieved when many of these things come together. When the opposite occurs, we have blunders. Such is the case for the following companies. Nike in China In 2004, Nikedecided to run a commercial depicting LeBron James defeating traditionally dressed Chinese elders, women, and even a dragon. The problem is that under Chinas traditional culture, elders are held with authority, utmost adore and respect In addition, Dragons symbolize things like power, strength and luck (Andersen, 2012). Although China is rapidly developing, its people are alleviate quite traditional. Their traditions are Confucianism where its teachings stress verity and relationships. The loyalty is to central authority and placing the good of the group first (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). The problem with the marketing message, as advertised, was that people were offended by the weakening of the traditional figures that the culture perceived as strong. The ultimate result was bad publicity and an unfortunate situation for Nike.This situation could have been avoided had the marketers paid attention to the culture and local customs of the scratch markets. This could have been accomplished by consulting marketers facilitators. Published government studies such as The U.S. Department of commerce, Countries Commercial Guides, the Economist Intelligence etc. are few examples. (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). These sources were equipped to advise Nike on the cultural dimension of the Chinese people. Hiring local experts could have accomplished the objective as intumesce. The Coca-Cola Company in Mexico had a popular advertising campaign with the slogan, Catch the wave which was translated into Spanish and put on billboards throughout Mexico. Unfortunatel y, Coca-Cola quickly discovered that Mexicans also understood the edition to mean have diarrhea. The promotion had to be withdrawn at a price exceeding millions of dollars (Hunt & Hodkin, 2012, p. 4). This failure was probably caused by the companys deficiency of having resources in place to oversee and review translations. The small investment of hiring experts with knowledge of Mexican slang could have prevented the loss (Villasana, n.d).International marketers should be sensible of marketing messages that are not tested by local experts or they should invest in expert translators who have knowledge of the languages used in the target markets. Language in international marketing aids with information gathering and evaluation. It provides access to local society, not only the ability to communicate, but extends above chemical mechanism to the interpretation ofcontexts (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). Nike ads in Saudi Arabia. The company made a pricey blunder in the late 1990s when it used the countersign flames to signify the word Air as the logo on their running shoes. Unfortunately the symbol for flame is similar the Arabic word for Allah which is gods name in the Muslim religion. I addition, Muslims consider feet as the dirtiest part of the body. Eventually depicting their gods image as dirty offended the possible consumers. This lack of consideration for religious beliefs caused Nike to remove thousands of pairs of shoes from the marketplace, as well as work hard to correct strained relationship with their estranged customers (Wintranslation, 2011, p.4 ). This blunder could have been avoided if Nike paid attention to the culture and local customs of their customers, especially religious beliefs. Religion defines the ideals for life, which in turn reflects the values and attitude of societies. International marketers are well served when they understand such values and attitudes because they shape the behaviors and practices of members within a culture ( Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). Consulting expert translators and religious belief experts could have prevented this crisis and eventual delay in market penetration. Cultural risk vs. political or commercial riskThe survival of global marketing depends on the need for effective risk fudgement tools in international expansion projects (Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011). Those risks include political, commercial and cultural. Political and commercial risks are closely related as governments decisions impacting the economy may also affect business operations. Adverse political and commercial conditions in the host country can be seen as sources of risks for firms expanding into that country (Aydin & Kacker, 1990). Changes in political and economic events can cause changes in the host countrys political structure or policies that result in losses for the firms investment operations (Torres, 2013). For this reason, economic development speculation emphasizes the existence of strong and stable political, commercial and legal institutions as a prerequisite to investments (Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011). However, todays globalization has highlighted the importance of another risk in international marketing. Cultural differences have been shown to add a further dimension to risks inherent to international franchising (Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011).This is due tothe fact culture influences contract negotiations between parties, operating(a) business and personnel management practices (Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011). It is known that values, customs, and beliefs which make the culture vary by country or region and change as population migrate. Therefore, it is not surprising that marketing strategies geared to accommodate cultural variations are as challenging to a business success as political and commercial risks encountered in any market (Hollis, 2011). Thus, cultural risk can trail to efficiency and effectiveness losses to a business whose management lacks the ability to e ffectively manage the diversity encountered in each cultural environment. Communications challenges in South- Asian countriesAmong many communications blunders that can happen during business negotiations with South-Asian countries, informal greeting is whizz of them. This is due to the fact that South- Asian countries business culture operates under a Confucianism system of behaviors and ethics. The system stresses the obligations of people towards one another based upon their relationship. Confucianism advocates honor, respect for age and seniority among other traits (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). These traits are demonstrated in their respect for hierarchical relationships in a concept of face which translates to dignity, prestige, honor, etc. It is very important for mortal doing business in these countries to avoid losing face or causing the loss of face. Accordingly, South Asians are formal and introduce themselves by using honorific titles followed by surnames and given name s (Hunt & Hodkins, 2012, p.3). By asking to be called by my first name will more than likely cause me to lose face, which is a infringement of etiquette in this part of the world. This may be interpreted as lack of respect in these cultures and can lead to unsuccessful business deals.Jack Daniel Marketing Strategy in South AsiaJack Daniel, as a whiskey brand, prides itself in its authenticity and its ability to be known as a pension brand by its customers. This is evident in their marketing strategies which showcase ads that are unique in what is said and shown (Stengel, 2011). Those ads advocate a premium brand make out that conveys a message to their customers of a quality productthat is based on American values of authenticity, masculinity, and fraternalism, and is comparable to none in the marketplace (Syllabus for IS2013, 2013). This strategy has been used throughout their marketing campaign in English speaking countries like England, Australia and South Africa, with great s uccess. But with the onset of globalization, where all literatures advocate marketing strategies that give to local customs, and more in tune with country specifics culture (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013 Hunt & Hodkin, 2012 Aliouche & Schlentrich, 2011), the challenge is whether Jack Daniel should adjust its strategies to jib todays norms. That is, should they adjust their market strategy to fit local habits in emerging markets like China? As stated earlier, Chinas culture operates under Confucianism. This code of bestow rather than religion advocates teachings that stress loyalty, relationship and respect for traditions (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013).Under this scenario, Jack Daniel should be able to evoke its premium brand image by ad its tradition as a brand experience that is unique in the marketplace. This will insure that they not compromise the quality of the product to meet admit (Stengel, 2011). On the other hand, Chinese society is evolving. Most of its citizens are not we althy, therefore selling a premium brand may not fit with the norms of targeting the majority of consumers in China. The good news is that, wages are rising, and the middle classes are finding themselves with disposable income that may allow them to splurge on high end drinks if they chose to (Stengel, 2011). In addition, cultural attitudes are not a always a deterrent to foreign business practices, and trends show that many Chinese people display positive attitudes toward Western goods (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2013). Therefore, the respect for tradition, the affinity for Western brand and the desire to belong in a different class could be the element Jack Daniel needs in continuing its current market strategy in this part of the world. They should focus their campaign to target a specific ingredient that is made of middle and upper class consumers who can afford their brand (Stengel, 2011). In a country that is heavily populated, this segment could be large fair to middling to ach ieve the intended success as in other Western countries. This will insure the brand can remain unique, maintain its equity and still deliver the intended profitability.ConclusionSince culture affects every norms of a society, its value in any society must be carefully analyzed by international marketers. Factors such as religious affiliations of its people, the society characteristics whether collectivist or individualist, political and economic ideologies will all impact the result of any international marketing campaign if left unsearched. As can be seen from examples above, the cultural symbols from target markets are very important. Therefore marketers should know the audience in hand and chose to communicate through languages and means that are appealing to the audience. For this reason, managers engaged in international marketing should use common sense in analyzing how different elements of a brand are impacted by the culture and program different ways to speak to the targe t audience (Fromowitz, 2013). Failure to do so could lead to failed marketing campaigns, offended consumers and loss revenues. For this reason, cultural risk is as important as political and commercial risk in international marketing. International marketers should design campaigns that have the purpose of not only making profits, but of developing relationship with consumers that will insure the survival of its brand.ReferencesAlon, I. (2006). Service Franchising A Global Perspective. Retrieved fromwww.springer.com//978-0-387-2818 Aliouche, E.H., & Schlentrich, U.A. (2011). Towards a strategic model of global franchiseexpansion. Journal of Retailing, 87 (3), 345365 Andersen, M. (2012). International Marketing Blunders. Backpaking diplomacy. Retrievedfrom http www.backpackingdiplomacy.com/3 Aydin, N. & Kacker, M. (1990), International Outlook of US-Based Franchisors,International Marketing Review, 7 (2), 435. Avruch, K. (2002). cross-cultural Conflict. The Encyclopedia of Life Suppo rt Systems EOLSS), 1(3), 25- 26. Retrieved on October 9, 2013 from http//www.eolss.net Jan-Benedict, E. M. & Steenkamp. (2001). The role of national culture in international marketingresearch. International Marketing Review, 18(1), 30-44. Retrieved fromhttp//search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/224319818?accountid=28180 Carlson, P., & Blodgett, M. (1997). International Ethics Standards for Business NAFTA, CAUX principles and corporeal codes of ethics. Review of

A Museum Trip

uMuseum send 1) How present my field trip enriched my understanding of being a Singaporean? -The trip to the museum brought about an indelible experience. I understood the great history of Singapore and how our forefathers survived and fought through the World War 2. Being a Singaporean meant much much than just living a beautiful lion city, instead it is one with great history and commendable spirit of our forefathers that make us, Singaporeans proud of our country. ) What have I learnt from this visit? -I learnt that the success of Singapore was brought about by many of our ancestors/forefathers/great leaders, and the peace and stability in our country cannot be taken for granted. Regardless of race, spoken communication or religion, everyone must work together to build a conducive society for ourselves and the future generation. 3) What are the highlights and key observations of my visit? The highlights of the visit was the world fight 2 exhibition where we saw the stages of the war, which includes the downfall and the rise of Singapore. Another highlight was how life was like, in the past, and it was an eye opening experience as it was what I never imagined. Little India trip 1) How have my field trip enriched my understanding of being a Singaporean? -Being a Singaporean Chinese, I hardly went to other cultural places except for Chinatown.However, a trip to little India helped me to understand the cultural values of another race in Singapore. It helped me to understand what their iconic places for common visiting were. 2) What have I learnt from this visit? I learnt the Indian Culture, when we had our meals at a famous Indian eatery, where the bare right hand is used to consume food without a use of cutlery. I also learnt that flower garlands were a common item used when worshipping their gods.Lastly, I also understood the Indian tradition by verbalize to the owners of the flower garland shops. 3) What are the highlights and key observations of my vi sit? -The highlights include a visit to the Tekka Market, where all the common Indian food were. It also includes visits to the Indian temples, piffling shops which sells accessories such as Indian bangles and others which specializes in selling flowers and garlands.

Automated Grading System

If bridges and haveings were made like we switch softw be system product, then we would have disasters happening daily. I have heard this several times from umteen people. It is sad but true. Buggy software program is the bane of the software industry. One of the ways of increasing software eccentric is by proper education. Several professionals from the software industry likewise at canvass to this. They believe that a greater emphasis should be given to lineament and interrogatory in university courses. But simply explaining the principles of software part is not sufficient.Students tend to forget theoretical principles over time. Practical exposure and experience is equally important. Students should be put in an environment where they terminate appreciate the importance of quality software and peck experience the benefits of processes that enhance quality. Many universities have a period of internship for the bookmans in which they work in a software company and exper ience these factors first hand. However because the internship usually is of a duration of 3-6 months, it is not sufficient to ins cashbox the importance of quality.Emphasis on code quality should be made a part of the entire software curriculum for it to have proper impact. Every assignment that the pupils submit should be subjected to the same quality standards that an industrial jump would be subjected to. Having university assignments adhere to industrial standards entrust result in the faculty having to spend more(prenominal) time grading the assignments. The faculty can no longer just give an assignment, wait for the assimilators to submit it, and grade them. The faculty must be more like a project managing director who constantly mentors the students and helps them improve the quality of their work.Along with spending a good amount of time mentoring students off class hours an different challenge is timely evaluation of student assignments. Faculty members are already o verloaded with the task of t apieceing, designing projects, grading, and research. Once we incorporate sieveing and quality into the curricula, each assignment will have to be graded along many more dimensions, such as quality of the tests, coverage of the tests, etc. This can be very time consuming. We need a mechanism which will automatically grade student assignments to the scoop possible extent, so that students are iven a timely feedback, and faculty can focus more on providing feedback on the style, design, and documentation of the project. Such a system will also bring consistency to the grading process and will eliminate discrepancies due to instructors bias and lethargy. A good automated grading system should be capcapable of executing the test cases written by students as well as the faculty on the project, determining the coverage of the test cases, and compiling and executing the submitted programs. It should be configurable so that faculty can determine the importanc e of various factors that make up the net grade.Several efforts have been made to design and implement automated grading systems in universities. Some existing systems are 1. WEB-CAT1 2. Curator2 3. ASSYST3 4. Praktomat4 5. PGSE5 6. PILOT6 In this article I will briefly explain two such automated grading systems WEB-CAT, and the Praktomat systems, and propose a system that contains useful features from them as well as approximately new features. WEB-CAT WEB-CAT was created at Virginia Tech university to address the need for incorporating software testing as an integral part of all programming courses.The creators realized the need for a software to automatically grade student assignments to enable faster feedback to students and to balance the working load of faculty members. Since Test Driven Development (TDD) was to be use for all the assignments, the students had to be graded not only on the quality of code, but also on the quality of their test cortege. WEB-CAT grades studen ts on threesome criteria. It gives each assignment a test validity score, a test correctness score, and a code correctness score. Test validity measures the accuracy of the students tests. It determines if the tests are pursuant(predicate) with the problem tatement. Test coverage determines how much of the cite code the tests cover. It determines if all paths and conditionals are adequately covered. Code correctness measures correctness of the actual code. All three criteria are given a certain weight-age and a final score is determined. WEB-CATs graphical user interface is inspired by the unit testing tool JUnit7. Just like JUnit it uses a green bar to show the test results. A text description containing details such as the get of tests that were run, and the takings that passed is also provided. Basic features provided by WEB-CAT are Submission of student assignments using a meshing based wizard interface Submission of test cases using a web based wizard interface Setup of assignments by faculty D consumeload of student scores by the faculty self-activating grading with immediate feedback for student assignment WEB-CAT follows a certain sequence of steps to assess a project submission. A submission is assessed only if it compiles successfully. If compiling fails, then a summary of errors is displayed to the user. If the program is compiled successfully then WEB-CAT will assess the project on various parameters.It first tests the correctness of the program by running the students tests against the program. Since these tests are submitted by the students, and it is expected that blow% of the tests will pass, because we do not expect students to submit a program that fails their own tests. After this the students test cases are validated by running them against a reference implementation of the project created by the instructor. If a students test case fails on the reference implementation then it is deemed to be invalid. Finally the coverage of th e students test cases is evaluated.Once the scores are obtained a cumulative score out of 100 is calculated applying a certain formula on the scores from all criteria. The results are displayed immediately to the student on an HTML interface. It was observed that the quality of student assignments increased significantly after using WEB-CAT. It was found that the code developed using WEB-CAT contained 45% fewer defects per 1000 (non commented) lines of code8. Praktomat Praktomat was created at Universitat Passau in Germany. The purpose of creating Praktomat was to build an environment which would help students enhance the quality of their code.Along with automated grading it also has a focus on confederate reviews. The creators of Praktomat felt that reviewing others software and having ones software reviewed helps in producing better code. This is the reason why Praktomat has a strong focus on ally review and allows users to review as well as annotate code written by other studen ts. Students can feed back their code any number of times till the deadline. This way they can improve their code by adopting things they learned by reviewing other students code as well as lessons they learned by others feedback of their own code.Praktomat evaluates student assignments by running them against a test suite provided by the faculty. The faculty creates two test suites a public suite and a secret suite. The public suite is distributed to the students to help them validate their project. The secret test suite is not made on tap(predicate) to the students, but they are assured of its existence. An assignment is evaluated by automatically running both the test suites against it, and also by manual examination by the faculty. Praktomat was developed in Python, and is hosted on SourceForge9. ObservationsMy affray that student project submissions should be backed by a process to come along best practices, and a software to automate as well as facilitate the process, h as become stronger after reviewing WEB-CAT and Praktomat. What best practices should we incorporate in the process? What are the features that an automated grading software should contain? WEB-CAT, Praktomat, and several other software give a good starting point. We can learn from their successes and failures, and enhance the offering by adding our own experience. WEB-CAT and several other sources10 have shown us that TDD is unquestionably a good practice.In a university environment TDD will work best if it is complemented by instant feedback to the students. We want to have a process that will encourage students to improve the quality of their code. They should be graded on the best code they can submit till the deadline. Two things are needed for this instant feedback and the great power to resubmit assignments. WEB-CAT achieves this by assessing submissions in real time, and displaying the results to the students immediately. WEB-CAT allows students to re-submit assignments an y number of time till the due date.Since faculty members are already overloaded with work, the software should persuade some of the faculties responsibilities. WEB-CAT automatically evaluates and grades the students assignments, leaving faculty with time for more meaningful activities. Praktomat has shown us that there is a definite benefit to peer review. When we review code written by others, we can go beyond the paradigms set in our own mind. Having our code reviewed by others can help us see our shortcomings which we whitethorn have earlier overlooked. Praktomat allows students to review code written by others.However the review is hidden from the faculty, to ensure that it does not impact grading. Praktomat does not aver on 100% automatic evaluation of the assignments. Praktomat evaluates certain aspects automatically and the rest are evaluated manually. Factors like code quality, documentation, etc are reviewed and evaluated manually by the faculty. There may be two reasons for this. Software to support automatic evaluation of these things may not have been available when Praktomat was written, or the creators felt that certain things are best evaluated by the faculty.A proposed system for automated grading Based on my observations from reviewing the above software systems and from my own experience, I have defined a process and the working(a) expectations of a software system that supports TDD and automated grading. The Process Every project should have a deadline, just like the real world The project should be defined as a set of use cases and a functional test suite. Both should be made available to the students. Students should start developing their project using the TDD philosophy. They should also be provided a source code repository like CVS or VSS. Once the students have completed their project they should tag the build and should upload the tag number to a web based submission software. It must be clearly defined how the students should submit their unit test suite. They should also provide one file which will trigger the remaining unit tests. The software will winding the source from the repository, and evaluate it. o Failure is account to the student if the project fails to compile. Failure here does not mean that the student fails in the assignment. Assignments can be corrected and submitted any number of time till the deadline. Once the compilation succeeds, the software will run the unit tests written by the student on their code. o After collecting results from the unit tests, the test coverage is measured. o Then the functional tests created by the faculty are executed against the software. o The software is then run through a source code format checker which evaluates it for adherence to coding standards,The software is then run through a source code quality checker which evaluates the quality of code based on known best practices, and anti patterns. o The software is finally channeled to the faculty wh o evaluates it for design. Results from all the tests are given out of 100%. o After collecting all the results a formula (provided by the faculty) is applied to derive the final score. The Software The software should provide an account with a username and password to each student and faculty. The software should be web based so that it can be accessed from anywhere using a standard web browser. After logging in students should be able to browse to the homepage for a particular assignment and view the details, such as specification, due dates, and any other details posted by the faculty. When a student completes her assignment, she should be able to upload the CVS tag number to the server. Once the tag number is uploaded the server should pull the source code from a CVS repository and perform the checks mentioned above. Results from each check is recorded in the database. The detailed result is then displayed to the student. Students should be able to resubmit an assignment a ny number of times till the deadline. Student code should be available for peer review and annotations if the faculty desires. The faculty should be able to create an assignment and upload details and files. The faculty should be able to trigger the final evaluation of all assignments either manually, or at a scheduled time. An evaluation should take the latest tag numbers provided by the student and perform tests on the respective source code. Results should be made available to the faculty, and students. The faculty should be able to add their own scores for parts that were checked manually. The final result is computed by applying a formula provided by the faculty. The final results should be downloadable as a csv text file. Several technologies such as Java, Python, PHP, . NET, and Ruby can be used to implement such a system. each(prenominal) have their pros and cons. We will not cover the implementation technology in this paper. Evaluation of these technologies and a fin al choice based on the evaluation will be dealt with in a separate paper.Reference 1. http//scholar. lib. vt. edu/theses/available/etd-05222003-225759/unrestricted/Web-CAT. pdf 2. http//www. cs. vt. edu/curator/PublicInfo/CuratorIntroduction. pdf 3. http//portal. cm. org/citation. cfm? id=268210 4. http//www. infosun. fmi. uni-passau. de/st/papers/iticse2000/iticse2000. pdf 5. Jones, E. L. Grading student programs a software testing approach. J. Computing in Small Colleges, 16(2) pp. 185-192. 6. http//www-2. cs. cmu. edu/rsbaker/pilot. pdf 7. http//www. junit. org 8. Using Test Driven Development in the Classroom Providing Students with Automatic, Concrete Feedback on Performance. http//web-cat. cs. vt. edu/grader/Edwards-EISTA03. pdf 9. http//sourceforge. net/projects/praktomat/ 10. http//www. testdriven. com

What is an Eating Disorder?

There are different types of ingest disorders and while they are exclusively different, in both(prenominal) ways they also chip in a lot in coarse. An eating disorder whitethorn explicate aside of a simple diet. Some people, to re fraudve tension or depression forget go on a binge. A binge is eating a lot of food in a very short time until uncomfortably full. Although the binges relieve some tension, they also cause disgust, guilt, and uphold rough weight gain which each(prenominal)ow lead a person to purge after their binges. A purge is a way to compensate for every last(predicate) the extra calories by vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting, or victimisation laxatives. It causes rapid gain and personnel casualty of weight, legal opinions of inadequacy, and an obsession with food. Binge eat Disorder, Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa are the approximately common forms of eating disorders. Binge-Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa are considered work forcetal dis orders because people with these disorders do non feel worry they are in control of their eating behaviour. If a person binges more than twice a week, it is considered Binge-Eating Disorder. The confederacy of bingeing and purging is c everyed Bulimia Nervosa.Anorexia, although still considered a mental disorder is more controlled, with the person either fetching very comminuted amounts of food or starving themselves to remain thin.It is estimated that 0.5 to 1% of women in late adolescence develop anorexia. It is most common between the ages of 10 and 30 and 90% of the cases are women. However, cases are increasing for men, minorities, fourth-year women and pre-teens. There are children as young as 8 showing concerns and behaviours just ab away food, and up to 50% of these youngsters are boys.Anorexia is associated with feelings and behaviours related to the fear of fat. These feelings include poor body image, a phobia about food and its ability to create fatness, and an in tense fear of macrocosm a normal body weight. flock with anorexia have not lost their appetite. They are very hungry indeed. They think about food each(prenominal) the time, want to be close to it give it to others. What they dont do is allow themselves to succumb to their desire for food. Like all compulsive disorders, the roots of anorexia lie in deep anxiety, the smack that not just is life out of control, running away too fast, but that their ability to cope with life and all its demands is poor. Given these fears, it is all too easy for an individual to turn to the control of food and weight to gain some class of control over their existence.Typically anorexia starts when a young person feels overweight. This may be because they have gained a little more weight than average at puberty, or have slim friends with whom they compare themselves. A decision to go on a diet may be triggered by a specific event such as a comment or remark from a peer. The diet is most usually t he first ever tried and it is initially quite successful, giving the young person a real sense of exploit at an otherwise insecure time of life. There may initially be approval from friends or members of the family which is a positive form of attention. The anorexic neer starts off intending to famish themself into emaciation. They just feels that life will be better if they lost a few pounds which it is for a while. At some point in the diet in that location is a subtle psychological change which is not experienced by normal dieters and dieting actually get downs more intense as the diet progresses and the stern weight is near.The dieting behaviour goes chthonianground so that it can become a private privy(p) rather than a public activity and strategies are developed to convince others that eating is taking assign when in fact it is not. This requires a great deal of craftiness such as throwing food away, finding ways to get rid of it off a plate at mealtimes, or pret ending to already have eaten. Hence by the time that weight loss is noticeable to the family, the anorexia is already well under way.In their own private eating world, the person developing anorexia will become very ritualised around food. This may take the form of eating fractions of portions of food at specific times of the day, like maven third of an apple or eating the crusts around a sandwich but not the middle. They will toy with their food, cut it up into tiny pieces and eat them very slowly. plane non-fattening foods will be feared. numerous anorexics weigh themselves several times each day. An anorexic can panic if they show a small change in weight after eating one lettuce. The physiological effects of anorexia are for the most part connected with the effects of starvation on the body* menstruation stops(in women)* breathing, pulse and blood twitch range plummet* mild anaemia occurs* osteoporosis* impaired kidney function* infertility* immune system fails to fight transmission* physical weakness* sensitivity to heat and cold.* erosion of the teeth from acid in the stomach delinquent to vomiting* as body weight falls to low levels the anorexic may be cover with a fine downy hair* ulcers and rough skin on legs and feet due to poor circulation* digestive problems as a result of starvation* constipation which professs the abdomen feel dense and large.* Bone loss as a result of under nourishment* shrinkage of the reproductive organs in twain men and women* destruction of areas of the wag which are responsible for endocrine production.The most significant feature of anorexia is refutation of the disease and anorexics are comm solitary(prenominal) very intelligent people with a great deal of donnish ability.Although there are several theories as to the causes of anorexia, it is increasing partly due to cultural changes and affable pressure and development in food and nutrition, leading to an early maturation of young girls compared to that of the early 20th Century. (Phillip W. Long, M.D.1999 NIMH ( depicted object set up of Mental Health))Social &Cultural TheoryIt is understandable that anorexia hardly exists in third world countries where there is barely enough food for survival and where fatness is regarded as a sign of affluence. It is also high-flown in countries which have sufficient food but which do not see slimness as a sign of sexual attractiveness. However, in the developed countries where there is a tendency to associate fatness with negative attributes such as lower social or economic status and personal inadequacy, anorexia is on the increase. In countries where its perfectly normal to be big, everyone is the same so it doesnt matter. As different cultures start to commingle and live in Western societies, the pressures to look like their counterparts leads them to have a low self-esteem of themselves. immature white women and girls faced with thin and beautiful white celebrities long to be like them it would make sense to think that young Black and Hispanic women and girls, when faced with beautiful and thin celebrities, such as popstars and models manduction the same culture might also wish to achieve the same physical goals.( Furnham & Alibhai 1983)In addition, aftermath discrimination in the professional job market may contribute to their low self-worth and desire to be loved and accepted. Those pursuing professions or activities that emphasise thinness, like modelling, gymnastics, dancing, singing, athletes, filmstars and wrestling are more susceptible to anorexia. Even todays men in the entertainment business are of a more muscular, slender build compared to the passing skinny or bulkier type of years ago. While girls wish to attain a specific size, men who become anorexic are likely to have had a specific role model in mind usually a sportsman or a rock star, when they begin to diet.Too some(prenominal) emphasis is being made on fashion being thin and the numerous diet pages in magazines and teenage literature. (About Face Organisations Website)Environmental TheoryAnother social theory to the cause of anorexia could be family surroundings. The typical anorexic comes from a perfect on the outside family. The parents are often older and are account by the child as demanding, placing emphasis on their educational or athletic achievements instead of them as a person. This is the parents begin of showing love. They feel that if they were to gain 99% in a test, they would be held responsible for not having got it all right. Their own body becomes their greatest achievement. Getting anorexia could be an unconscious choice, but by showing rigid control of their body and not eating with their family, the anorexic demonstrates independence in the only way they can.As a result, looking back on their early life, many anorexics remember evolution up trying to please others and meet their expectations. They usually succeed, since many are high achieve rs and good students, dying(p) to please their parents or teachers and earn their approval. These are the children who are described by teachers as well behaved and conscientious, never causing trouble or disruption at school, and never giving their parents any of the usual forms of jejune rebellion, such as rudeness or defiance. military rankThese ideas show that it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the social pressures ofbeing a young person in todays society can be associated with the onset of anorexia so iftodays culture is a happen factor for anorexia, and wanting to be thinner precipitatesthe illness, why is it that out of all the women and girls who diet at some time in theirlives, only some go on to become anorexic? A youngster growing up in a strict family with high expectations feels that she has no control over herself as her parents are taking away her independence and are basically function her life out for her. The only thing left is her body, so she uses this to control what she eats as an achievement of her independence. This can backfire on the anorexic, making the parents more overbearing than before.Biomedical theoryGenetic factorsEating disorders appear to run in familieswith fe potent relatives most often affected. This finding suggests that genetic factors may make some people prone to eating disorders. Female family members of women suffering from anorexia nervosa or binge-eating syndrome nervosa develop eating disorders at rates up to 12.3 times higher than those of women who have never suffered from an eating disorder. Also, women who have sons or brothers that have had anorexia are also more likely to get this eating disorder themselves. Recent look looks at newinnate(p)s of mothers with a history of eating disorders, and presents evidence that these babies also have characteristics that appear to put them at risk of having similar problems.( Dr. Michael Strober, lead author of the study and director of the Eating Disorders Program at the UCLA neuropsychiatric Institute). Twins too showed a genetic tendency to develop the same disorder, with identical twins being 55% more prone to the disease than non identical twins at 7%.Bio chemical scienceIn an attempt to understand eating disorders, scientists have studied the biochemicalfunctions of people with the illnesses. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain which controls the bodys neuroendocrine system the part which regulates the multiple functions of the mind and body, such as sexual behaviour and emotional arousal, physical growth and development, appetite and digestion, kidney function, heart, sleep, thinking and memory. An experiment on rats in the 1940s identified the hypothalamus as playing a crucial part in eating behaviour. It was discovered that abnormalities in the lower- central region of the hypothalamus, the VMH (Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus) ca utilise the stop-eating signals to cease working(a) so that the rats became extremely obese (T eitelbaum 1967). In the same way that the VMH inhibits eating, there is a part that stimulates eating, the LH (Lateral Hypothalamus). If this is damaged, it would cause the rat to starve.Opioid AddictionOpioids are substances that are pay backd naturally in the brain when under stress. Their job is to relieve pain and give pleasure. As self-starvation leads to stress for the body and the release of opioids, this gives the person a feeling of being high. Anorexics tend to exercise excessively as both starving and vigorous exercise produce high levels of endorphins in the brain. It could therefore be argued that anorexics become addicted to that high thus becoming addicted to their own opioids.EvaluationFirstly, it is very rare for the sons to get an eating disorder before the mothers, as it is principally young women with no children who are at risk. Secondly, if there is just as high a risk of anorexia if a brother has had an eating disorder as there is with a son, the answer must lie in a defective chromosome of the male which should be easy enough to rectify, given modern treat today. Could it be possible that there was a stress factor that ran by means of the family that increased the risk in any case and a combination of the two factors led to an increased risk? Surely, as well, a baby born to a woman with these sort of disorders is going to be at risk of a matter of things when he is growing up. Apart from being nutritionally deprived whilst in the womb(which might cause a number of neurological problems) there must be some sort of emotional problems living in that form of environment.The bio-medical theory sounds the most understandable. As with all mental health problems the change in brain chemistry can cause the different parts of the brain to malfunction leading to all manner of psychoses. The only query is does starving oneself cause physical changes in the brain, or are the chemical changes in the brain responsible for the eating disorder?Al ternative Theories to the Causes for AnorexiaPsycho analytic TheoryPuberty for women is seen by psychologists to be a time of change and the hormones of puberty create body fat in women and the girl is reminded by her bodied changes that she is becoming a woman. There is also a big change in the age of puberty, which used to be at 18 years and is now occurring at 10, 11 and 12. Girls are experiencing their sexuality at an age where they appear to lack the emotional equipment to handle it so early puberty is linked with self- negative behaviour in girls. Some researchers believe that anorexia is an attempt to stop the clock to avoid growing up and becoming a woman and to avoid the problems that maturity brings.EvaluationThis is arguable as are all young girls aware that their periods will stop when they starve themselves, and how long is it before they realise that the bust is less(prenominal) affected by weight loss than other parts of the body. This theory does not take male an orexics into account.Learning TheoryWhen a young person feels they need to lose a bit of weight, sometimes due to remarks from peers or the opposite sex, they go on a diet. As the weight starts to drop off, idea replaces the remarks. This leads to the desire to lose more weight which in turn leads to more attention. The diet soon escalates out of proportion and before long the positive attention turns to a more concerned attention. The anorexic enjoys this attention, any(prenominal) the kind and sees their behaviour as a way of being liked and being popular. This behaviour is carried on sometimes until the need for intervention by the medical authorities, which then sees the anorexic receiving attention and concerns from everyone around them, including their families.EvaluationThis explanation is quite arguable as it is usually an unconscious decision to start starving yourself the groom was to lose just a few pounds. Anyway, lack of attention, which is the issue, from people or family when young could quite slow lead to over-eating or other forms of self-abuse.Treatments and OutcomesEarly treatments for anorexia were based on behavioural and psychotherapeutic techniques. These treatments were largely winless in the long term. Anyhow weight gain alone is not the only goal of treatment. The crush outcomes are with therapies that treat the whole individual, and provide a variety of approaches, nutritional, psychological, personal growth and relaxation therapies. single-valued function of this process would include building self-esteem. For those anorexics who are too far gone for these therapies to benefit them, a rest in hospital will apply where they can be force-fed under the powers of the Mental Health Act, since awful emaciation destroys the ability to think rationally, thus making any form of therapy very hard to do. Anyway, many therapists believe that it is impossible to carry out psychotherapy with an anorexic person unless weight has first be en restored. ( The National Centre For Eating Disorders August 1999).Medical TreatmentScientists have found that the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, (chemical messengers which control hormones in the brain) function abnormally in people affected by depression. Researchers funded by NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) have recently learned that these neurotransmitters are also decreased in extremely ill anorexia and bulimia patients and long-term recovered anorexia patients. Because many people with eating disorders also appear to suffer from depression, some scientists believe that there may be a link between these two disorders. In fact, new research has suggested that some patients with anorexia may respond well to the antidepressant medication fluoxetine which affects serotonin function in the body.cognitive TreatmentTreatment of anorexia is often a long, drawn out duration, requiring a combination of cognitive and analytic interpretative techniques to ex plore the past, identifying the underlying cause of the maladaptive behaviour. For older women personal therapy works best whereas family therapy is especially helpful for adolescent patients as every member of the family can understand what the patient is going through (Murray et al., 1997).Anorexia can be fatal if left untreated. About one fifth of people with anorexia recover, a come along two fifths gain weight but develop other problems with eating such as bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. About one third of sufferers remain anorexic, with only one aim in life to stay thin. Death rates in long term anorexics are as high as ten percent, usually due to heart failure in the case of bulimic anorexia, suicide or lack of resistance to illness.